<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="/sponet/themes/root/assets/xsl/rss.xsl"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:opensearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearch/1.1/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/">
  <channel>
    <title>Ergebnis für </title>
    <description>Treffer 151 - 200 von 125516</description>
    <generator>Laminas_Feed_Writer 2 (https://getlaminas.org)</generator>
    <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;page=4&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de</link>
    <opensearch:totalResults>125516</opensearch:totalResults>
    <opensearch:startIndex>150</opensearch:startIndex>
    <opensearch:itemsPerPage>50</opensearch:itemsPerPage>
    <atom:link rel="first" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur ersten Seite springen" href="https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="previous" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur vorherigen Seite" href="https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=3&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="next" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur nächsten Seite" href="https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=5&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="last" type="application/rss+xml" title="Zur letzten Seite springen" href="https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=2511&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <atom:link rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Search/Results?sort=first_indexed+desc%2Cfirst_indexed+desc&amp;limit=50&amp;view=rss&amp;page=4&amp;type=AllFields&amp;lng=de"/>
    <item>
      <title>Ernährungsgewohnheiten und Einhaltung der UEFA-Ernährungsrichtlinien bei Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098530</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098530</guid>
      <author>Giménez-Sánchez, J.</author>
      <author>Melda de Oleo-Ogando, L.</author>
      <author>del Rosario Muciño-Arellano, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtlinie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Makronährstoff</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Mikronährstoff</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Giménez-Sánchez, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Melda de Oleo-Ogando, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>del Rosario Muciño-Arellano, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Soccer is a high-intensity sport characterized by a combination of explosive efforts and prolonged aerobic activity. Nutrition is a key factor in optimizing performance. The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional intake of professional soccer players and the degree of compliance with nutritional recommendations of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and organizations such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 26 players aged 16 to 34 who were in training. Dietary analysis was performed using EasyDiet® software, and data were processed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics). The normality of the variables was assessed, and means, standard deviations, and ranges were determined; a frequency analysis was conducted to establish the proportion of compliance with certain macronutrients. The results showed that the players evaluated had an energy intake below the recommended level, accompanied by an insufficient intake of carbohydrates; protein intake was generally adequate or above established recommendations, while fat intake remained within acceptable ranges, even exceeding the recommended value. An imbalance in micronutrients was observed, with low intakes of vitamin A and D, and high consumption of calcium, iron, sodium, and other micronutrients.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gallensäureprofile spiegeln die metabolische Anpassungsfähigkeit an einen raschen Gewichtsverlust bei Boxern wider</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098531</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098531</guid>
      <author>Shi, K.</author>
      <author>Mou, D.</author>
      <author>Luo, X.</author>
      <author>Yang, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Boxen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Regulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organ</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mou, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
This exploratory pilot study investigated serum bile acids (BAs) as metabolic regulators in boxers, focusing on their dynamic responses to rapid weight loss (RWL) and recovery across different training levels. A developmental control group of young athletes served as a physiological reference.

Methods
Serum samples from 13 male boxers (5 elite, 8 national-level) and 10 young athletes were collected at baseline, post-RWL, and after 24 h recovery. Targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantified 82 BA species. Multivariate (OPLS-DA), univariate, and KEGG pathway analyses assessed phase- and level-dependent differences.

Results
Elite boxers showed higher baseline concentrations of conjugated and regulatory BAs (e.g., taurolithocholic acid [TLCA], glycohyocholic acid [GHCA]) and faster post-RWL restoration of BA balance. Non-elite athletes exhibited stronger shifts toward unconjugated secondary BAs (e.g., deoxycholic acid [DCA], lithocholic acid [LCA]) and incomplete recovery. Compared with young athletes, trained boxers displayed enhanced BA conjugation and FXR/TGR5-linked regulation. KEGG analysis indicated RWL-related disturbances in bile secretion and peroxisomal pathways, while elite profiles reflected greater hepatic-intestinal resilience.

Conclusion
BA composition may serve as a biochemical marker of metabolic adaptability in combat athletes. Elite boxers maintained tighter BA homeostasis through weight cycles, whereas non-elite athletes exhibited transient hepatic stress. Findings are preliminary and should be interpreted cautiously due to small subgroup sizes and unstandardized diet and microbiome control.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Strategien zur Potenzierung nach der Aktivierung auf die Leistung beim Vorhandschlag bei Elite-Squashspielern: eine Analyse der Muskelsynergien und der Zeit-Frequenz-Kohärenz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098532</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098532</guid>
      <author>Zhou, W.</author>
      <author>Lin, X.</author>
      <author>Li, H.</author>
      <author>Wu, X.</author>
      <author>Jiang, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Squash</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vorhand</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wu, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Squash is a high-intensity sport requiring rapid directional changes and explosive strokes, placing high demands on neuromuscular coordination. The forehand stroke is a key offensive action, yet its neuromuscular control mechanisms remain underexplored. Post-activation potentiation (PAP) has been shown to acutely enhance explosive performance, but its role in optimizing complex skills such as the squash forehand stroke is still unclear.

Methods
This study investigated the effects of three intervention modalities—deep squat training, elastic band training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)—on the neuromuscular control patterns during squash forehand strokes. Fourteen muscles of the lower limbs, trunk, and upper limbs were recorded using surface electromyography (EMG). Muscle synergies were extracted using non-negative matrix factorization, while intermuscular coherence was calculated with short-time Fourier transform. The number of synergies, synergy weights, activation duration, and coherence area across a, ß, and gamma frequency bands were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA tests.

Results
No significant differences were found in the number of synergies (VAF > 0.9) or in activation duration across conditions (p > 0.05). However, significant differences in synergy weights were observed among groups. Squat training increased pectoralis major activation compared to band training (p = 0.040), while NMES selectively enhanced activation in deltoid, gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius medialis. Coherence analysis showed that NMES significantly increased a- and ß-band coherence in several muscle pairs, whereas squat and band training enhanced ?-band coherence between trunk-lower limb muscles.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that while the overall modular structure of squash forehand strokes remains stable, different interventions induce distinct neuromuscular adaptations. NMES enhances central-peripheral coupling through selective muscle activation, whereas squat and band training primarily improve kinetic chain coordination and dynamic stability. This study provides novel insights into the neural control mechanisms of squash strokes and practical guidance for training strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integratives neuromuskuläres Training zum statischen und dynamischen Gleichgewicht bei Mannschaftssportlern: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098533</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098533</guid>
      <author>Zhang, J.</author>
      <author>Liu, J.</author>
      <author>Mi, J.</author>
      <author>Liu, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dynamisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mi, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Integrative neuromuscular training (INT) is proposed to enhance static and dynamic balance in team athletes by improving sensorimotor control. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated INT effects across these two domains.

Methods
We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus (EBSCOhost), and the Web of Science Core Collection from database inception through 3 March 2025. Random-effects and multilevel meta-analyses were conducted in R (meta, metafor). Standardized mean differences (Hedges` g) were pooled using inverse-variance weighting. For datasets with multiple effects per study, we fitted multilevel random-effects models (metafor::rma.mv) with random intercepts for study and within-study effects, estimating variance components (t²) via REML. We report 95% confidence intervals, I², t², and 95% prediction intervals. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 and certainty of evidence with GRADE; small-study effects were examined using Egger`s regression (k = 10) and bubble plots.

Results
Fifteen randomized controlled trials (n = 609 athletes) were included. Overall risk of bias (RoB 2) was judged as some concerns across studies. INT improved dynamic balance (SMD = 1.48, 95% CI 0.97-1.99; I² = 86.8) and static balance (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI 0.32-1.47; I² = 51.2). Dynamic balance improved more with = 3 sessions/week (SMD = 2.01, 95% CI 1.23-2.80; I² = 91.2%), whereas static balance benefited more from programs = 8 weeks (SMD = 1.16, 95% CI 0.77-1.54).

Conclusions
INT improves balance in team athletes, with larger gains for dynamic tasks. Dynamic balance was preferentially enhanced by = 3 sessions/week, while static balance gains were optimal at = 8 weeks. Evidence certainty was moderate for dynamic balance and low for static balance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wie viele Versuche sind ausreichend? Anforderungen an die Eingewöhnungsphase beim Loughborough-Fußball-Pass-Test</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098535</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098535</guid>
      <author>Yasli, B. Ç.</author>
      <author>Karayigit, R.</author>
      <author>Önlü, A. S.</author>
      <author>Esen, Ö.</author>
      <author>Mares, G.</author>
      <author>Alexe, D. I.</author>
      <author>Lupu, G. S.</author>
      <author>Alexe, C. I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Passspiel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yasli, B. Ç.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karayigit, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Önlü, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Esen, Ö.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mares, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alexe, D. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lupu, G. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alexe, C. I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
The Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT) has proven to be a valid and reliable method for assessing soccer skill performance. However, there are various preparation protocols that exist for the LSPT. The aim of this study is to determine how many trials are required to gather reliable data during LSPT familiarisation.

Methods
81 subelite male youths (12.70 ± 2.67 years; 158.32 ± 17.21 cm; 49.01 ± 14.19 kg) and 17 professional female soccer players (21.47 ± 2.37 years; 164.70 ± 5.00 cm; 57.11 ± 4.27 kg) participated in the study. Following a brief explanation, the participants underwent five repetitions of the LSPT, after which differences between trials were analysed using mixed ANOVA for original time, penalty time, and performance time of LSPT. Adjusted residual values and the Smallest Worthwhile Change (SWC) approach were employed to assess the distributions across repetitions and the practical significance of the observed differences.

Results
Mixed-repeated measures ANOVA showed that Trial 1 significantly underperformed relative to the subsequent four trials across all LSPT values (p < .05). There were no statistical differences observed within other trials. Considerable improvement was noted solely between the first trials and subsequent attempts; exceeding the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) thresholds of 1.38 s, 2.29 s, and 3.36 s for original time, penalty time, and total performance time, respectively. Performance time enhanced by 5% between first two trials, however strength of acquisitions remain inconsistent and negligible subsequent trials.

Conclusion
A single trial primarily diminishes the learning effect in LSPT preparation, especially in young sub-elite athletes and professional female athletes. In particular, in situations where samples are large or testing time is limited, implementing a single familiarisation trial seems a practical and efficient option. At the same time, given the higher variability of penalty time, specialists can consider adapting the number of trials depending on the testing objectives. This finding has applicative value for coaches, physical trainers and researchers, as it allows them to reduce the time and resources required for the testing protocol without compromising the validity and reproducibility of the results.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Paradoxon des Sports: Jugendliche Sportler verbringen sowohl an Wettkampftagen als auch an Trainings- und Ruhetagen sehr viel Zeit sitzend</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098536</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098536</guid>
      <author>Heck Street, J.</author>
      <author>Larson, A. M.</author>
      <author>de Guia, R.</author>
      <author>Bansal, N.</author>
      <author>Hunter, S. K.</author>
      <author>Capin, J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lebensweise</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Heck Street, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larson, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Guia, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bansal, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hunter, S. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Capin, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Elite athletes are highly sedentary outside of sports and must stay active after retiring to remain healthy. While sports are often recommended to improve physical activity, the effect of sport training day on daily physical activity levels in adolescent athletes is not well described. The purpose was to assess (1) physical activity (i.e., step counts and activity score [METs]) and (2) sedentary behavior (e.g., total duration and prolonged [> 1 h] bouts) in male and female adolescent athletes across different training days (i.e., competition, practice, and rest days).

Methods
Adolescent basketball and volleyball athletes wore an accelerometer continuously for 14 consecutive days while in-season. Training days (i.e., competition, practice, and rest days) were tracked for each athlete. In-person testing included anthropometrics, vertical jump height, and body composition via bioelectrical impedance.

Results
Thirty-nine athletes (15.6 ± 0.9 years; n = 24 female, n = 15 male) participated. Athletes were more physically active on competition and practice days (step count [mean ± SD]: competition: 13,021 ± 2,572, practice: 11,735 ± 1,875, rest: 6,742 ± 3,150 [p < 0.001]); activity score [METs]: competition: 35.6 ± 1.0, practice: 34.7 ± 0.9, rest: 33.0 ± 1.3 [p < 0.001]). Athletes had high total sedentary behavior across all training days (competition: 570.4 ± 89.3 min, practice: 619.5 ± 74.6 min, rest: 638.5 ± 90.8 min [p = 0.001]), but the greatest prolonged bouts of sedentary behavior on competition days (competition: 195.4 ± 100.9 min, practice: 115.9 ± 74.0 min, rest: 144.6 ± 96.2 min [p = 0.002]).

Conclusion
Adolescent athletes were highly active on competition and practice days but did not meet physical activity guidelines on rest days, achieving only ~ 6,700 steps/day. Athletes were highly sedentary across all training days, averaging ~ 10 h/day of waking sedentary behavior. Only a third met physical activity guidelines regardless of training day. Adolescent athletes are highly sedentary and many fail to meet physical activity guidelines, challenging the notion that sports alone make individuals sufficiently active.

Clinical trial number
Not applicable.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen des Mace-Trainings auf Kraft, Beweglichkeit und Stabilität bei Spitzenringen: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098537</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098537</guid>
      <author>Akaras, E.</author>
      <author>Öztop, B.</author>
      <author>Gencoglu, C.</author>
      <author>Ulupinar, S.</author>
      <author>Özbay, S.</author>
      <author>Küt, M. G.</author>
      <author>Turan, M.</author>
      <author>Yagiz, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>propriozeptiv</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Akaras, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Öztop, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gencoglu, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ulupinar, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Özbay, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Küt, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turan, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yagiz, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives
This study examined the impact of mace training on strength, flexibility, stabilization, and endurance in elite wrestlers, exploring its potential advantages over traditional resistance training.

Methods
A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 27 elite male wrestlers assigned to either a mace training group (n = 13) or a control group (n = 14). The experimental group performed mace exercises three times a week for 12 weeks, in addition to regular training. Pre- and post-training assessments included grip strength, shoulder flexibility, closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability (CKCUEST), push-up endurance, and proprioception assessed by shoulder joint position sense (JPS) testing using a digital inclinometer at 60° and 120°. Group × time interactions were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results
Mace training significantly improved grip strength (Dominant [D]: F = 28.009, p < 0.01, =0.49; Non-dominant [ND]: F=12.864, p=0.01, =0.31), shoulder flexibility (D: F =17.079, p<0.01, =0.39), CKCUEST (F=48.495, p < 0.01, =0.66), and push-up performance (F=16.290, p<0.01, =0.40). However, proprioception at 60° and 120° showed no significant differences (p >0.05).

Conclusion
Mace exercises effectively enhance grip strength, flexibility, and stabilization in elite wrestlers, making them a valuable tool for functional training. Future research should explore long-term effects and applications in other combat sports.

Clinical trial number
Our study should not be considered a clinical trial because it does not involve any medical or therapeutic intervention on any health or biological outcome. The study aims to evaluate athletic performance parameters only. Therefore, it does not require registration in the international clinical trial registry system.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mikro-Pacing und Leistungsdeterminanten im Skiathlon: Zusammenhänge zwischen Geschwindigkeitsprofilen, Auswahl der Teiltechniken und Zyklusmerkmalen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098538</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098538</guid>
      <author>Shang, L.</author>
      <author>Yu, H.</author>
      <author>Shi, R.</author>
      <author>Zhang, D.</author>
      <author>Staunton, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsvoraussetzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yu, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shi, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staunton, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
Performance analyses in cross-country skiing often focus on lap or terrain-level splits. However, few studies have explored micro-pacing strategies—particularly in Skiathlon, an Olympic event requiring athletes to complete both classical and freestyle techniques on the same course.

Methods
Thirteen national-level male skiers were tracked during an International Ski Federation-certified Skiathlon using GNSS and trunk-mounted sensors. Instantaneous speed profiles were analysed using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM) to identify "race-critical clusters": contiguous intervals where speed significantly predicted section time (a = 0.05) across all eight laps (four classical, four freestyle).

Results
Freestyle laps were 4% faster than classical, with greater terrain-specific speed differences and pacing variability in classical, especially downhills. Seven race-critical clusters were identified: two uphill, four downhill, and one flat. These accounted for 11.3 s (classic) and 10.9 s (freestyle) of the time gap between the fast and slow group. In these segments, faster skiers used higher-gear sub-techniques and exhibited longer cycle lengths and/or higher frequencies (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Within race-critical clusters, the faster skiers gained substantial time advantages. Secondary analyses showed clear differences in sub-technique selection and kinematic profiles, suggesting that technical execution plays a critical role in these performance gains. Athletes and coaches may consider integrating GNSS-based tracking, SPM, and wearable-derived technique analysis into race evaluation to move beyond traditional split times and focus training on the most decisive segments of the course.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Steigerung von Geschwindigkeit und Effizienz: Biomechanische Unterschiede beim Doppelstocklauf mit maximaler Geschwindigkeit bei Langläufern unterschiedlicher Leistungsstufen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098539</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098539</guid>
      <author>Jiao, J.</author>
      <author>Chen, J.</author>
      <author>Zhou, Z.-J.</author>
      <author>Li, M.-C.</author>
      <author>Du, C.-J.</author>
      <author>Yang, G.</author>
      <author>Xu, H.-Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Doppelstockschub</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jiao, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, Z.-J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, M.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Du, C.-J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Xu, H.-Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
This study aimed to identify biomechanical differences among cross-country skiers with different performance levels at maximal speed using the double poling technique.

Methods
Twenty-four cross-country skiers, including 12 national-level and 12 regional-level participants, skied on an 80 m flat snow track. Cycle and joint kinematics data, integral electromyography (IEMG) and root mean square (RMS) data of the muscles, and relative plantar force data were collected.

Results
The results showed that national skiers had a greater mean velocity (p < 0.05) and swing length (p < 0.05) and a shorter relative poling time (p < 0.05) than regional skiers. Additionally, the joint angles of the shoulder and elbow at the pole plant were greater in national skiers (p < 0.05) than in regional skiers. The contribution ratio of muscles regarding the gluteus maximus was greater for national skiers than for regional skiers (p < 0.05). National skiers tended to activate muscles at higher levels and transfer higher loads to the front foot during the poling phase.

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that it appears advantageous for skiers to lean their trunks forward during the poling phase due to weight utilization, which may increase velocity in the forward direction during the double poling cycle for more efficient use of the body.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen von PAPE, ausgelöst durch unterschiedliche Belastungen beim Kniebeugen, auf die Sprungleistung bei College-Basketballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098540</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098540</guid>
      <author>Si, X.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y. H.</author>
      <author>Zhou, X. R.</author>
      <author>Ning, S. J.</author>
      <author>Li, Q. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Postaktive Potenzierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kniebeuge</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Si, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, X. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ning, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, Q. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) effectively augments explosive performance, especially in jumping. As female athletes have distinct neuromuscular and biomechanical traits that may affect the PAPE response, the optimal squat load and recovery duration for collegiate female basketball players remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate how different back-squat conditioning loads influence subsequent jump performance and to identify the optimal load-recovery combination for enhancing jumping ability in this population.

Methods
Twenty-eight collegiate women`s basketball athletes(age 20.39 ± 1.4 years, height 167.50 ± 2.22 cm, body mass 57.75 ± 4.98 kg, training age 6.49 ± 0.63 years)were randomly allocated to 90%, 80%, or 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) back-squat groups, or a control group. Athletes completed 3 × 3 parallel back squats, after which countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg and double-leg approach-jump heights were assessed at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 min. CMJ kinetics—peak power output, vertical ground-reaction force, and flight time—and lower-limb surface EMG were recorded concurrently.

Results
Loads >= 80%1RM reliably elicited PAPE, with improvements demonstrating clear load-dependence and time specificity. Double-leg approach-jump height peaked at 8 min in the 90%1RM group (40.50 ± 1.73 cm). Single-leg approach-jump height was maximized at 8 min in the 80%1RM group (40.00 ± 0.82 cm), exceeding the control condition. Kinetic and EMG analyses indicated that 90%1RM produced a delayed rectus femoris activation peak (8 min) and a later CMJ power peak (12 min), whereas 80%1RM facilitated earlier gastrocnemius activation (4 min) with a stable output profile; performance benefits with 70%1RM were minimal.

Conclusions
For collegiate female basketball players, using a parallel back-squat load of 80%1RM followed by an 8-12-minute recovery period can effectively improve jump performance during pre-competition activation. Coaches and trainers should be aware that responses may differ between individuals, and testing this protocol beforehand is recommended to optimize its use for specific athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kurzfristige Veränderungen der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit von Fußballspielern in den Tagen vor einer Verletzung des vorderen Kreuzbandes: Eine retrospektive Fall-Kontroll-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098541</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098541</guid>
      <author>Kopf, A.</author>
      <author>Getzreiter, M.</author>
      <author>Wittke, A.</author>
      <author>Nokay, E.</author>
      <author>Gesslein, M.</author>
      <author>Alt, V.</author>
      <author>Krutsch, W.</author>
      <author>Szymski, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bundesliga</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kopf, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Getzreiter, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wittke, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nokay, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gesslein, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alt, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krutsch, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Szymski, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures represent one of the most severe injuries in professional football, often resulting in long rehabilitation, impaired performance, and increased risk of re-injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether performance parameters derived from match statistics can serve as early indicators of ACL rupture in professional male football players.

Methods
A retrospective case-control design was applied. Forty-two male professional football players from the German Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga with confirmed ACL ruptures between 2016 and 2024 were included, alongside 42 matched controls from the same teams and positions. Match performance data from ten games preceding the injury were analyzed. Parameters included minutes played, total distance covered, number of sprints, maximal speed, pass accuracy, number of duels, and duel success rate. Independent t-tests compared injured and control players across individual matchdays and aggregated intervals (the average values across the last four, three, and two matches before injury). Additionally, odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were computed based on upper (>= 75th percentile) and lower (<= 25th percentile) quartile thresholds to quantify the relative risk associated with extreme performance values.

Results
Injured players showed higher maximum speed that consistently differentiated them from controls, with significant differences at matchday 2 (p = 0.005, OR = 3.42, 95% CI 1.45-8.06) and across all aggregated intervals (p = 0.015-0.031). Injured players also showed significantly fewer minutes played at matchday 2 before injury (p = 0.046, OR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.01-5.51) and across certain intervals (last four and three matches before injury; p = 0.027-0.044). Analysis of matchdays 5-10 revealed no significant group differences for any performance parameter, confirming that relevant performance changes manifest primarily in the immediate pre-injury period. No significant group differences emerged for distance covered, sprint count, pass accuracy, or duel frequency between ACL injured players and controls.

Conclusion
Maximum speed showed the strongest association with ACL rupture risk, with significant differences at matchday 2 (p = 0.005) and across aggregated intervals (the average values across the last four, three, and two matches before injury). Reduced playing time emerged as an additional indicator. Although distance covered, sprint count, and pass accuracy did not reach statistical significance individually, their temporal patterns revealed a predisposing risk constellation: injured players demonstrated reduced cumulative exposure combined with acute high-intensity spikes at matchday 2, declining technical precision, and increased physical confrontation at matchday 1. This suggests ACL injury risk manifests through deterioration of integrated performance capacity under acute load fluctuations rather than isolated thresholds. Multifactorial approaches integrating biomechanical, physiological, and temporal performance patterns are essential for effective ACL injury prevention in professional football.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nichtinvasive Hirnstimulation und sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit: Ein kritisches narratives Review</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098542</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098542</guid>
      <author>Deng, J.</author>
      <author>Chen, Q.</author>
      <author>Luo, L.</author>
      <author>Wang, Q.</author>
      <author>Lv, Z.</author>
      <author>Luo, X.</author>
      <author>Liang, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>transkranielle Stimulation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Neurowissenschaften</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Deng, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luo, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lv, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Luo, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liang, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In light of recent advances in sports medicine and neurorehabilitation, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)—including techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)—show potential for enhancing sports performance and supporting rehabilitation. For this narrative critical review, we synthesized evidence from studies in which trained athletes and healthy individuals performed sports-related tasks. These studies were identified through a structured search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The findings indicate that NIBS can modulate neural activity to improve motor learning, skill acquisition, muscle strength, endurance, attention, decision-making, emotional regulation, and brain network plasticity, with a notable potential to accelerate the mastery of sport-specific skills essential for competitive success. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in study designs and stimulation protocols, alongside unresolved ethical concerns regarding athlete autonomy and fairness, continue to limit widespread adoption. While NIBS holds considerable promise for both athletic performance optimization and rehabilitation, further research is needed to clarify its mechanisms of action, standardize protocols, and establish robust ethical guidelines to safeguard athlete safety and integrity and fair competition.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kurzfristige Supplementierung mit Coenzym Q10 reduziert Marker der kardialen Belastung bei Fußballspielern nach intensiver körperlicher Belastung: Eine randomisierte, doppelblinde, placebokontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098543</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098543</guid>
      <author>Rahimi, M. R.</author>
      <author>Morton, A. B.</author>
      <author>Golpasandi, H.</author>
      <author>Salih, S. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Enzym</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Antioxidans</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rahimi, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morton, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Golpasandi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salih, S. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a vital mitochondrial antioxidant, may enhance cardiovascular recovery and delay fatigue in athletes. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated CoQ10`s effects on cardiac stress markers and exercise performance in 16 professional soccer players.

Methods
Participants received either CoQ10 (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) for 30 days and completed exhaustive aerobic cycling tests pre- and post-supplementation. Blood samples were collected at six time points to analyze GDF-15, NT-proBNP, and hs-TnT levels.

Results
In the CoQ10 group, GDF-15 rose post-exercise (PreEx1-PostEx1: +8.84%, p = 0.003; PreEx2-PostEx2: +5.37%, p = 0.001) but declined by 24 h post-Ex1 (- 5.28%, p = 0.003) and 24 h post-Ex2 (-6.62%, p = 0.001) compared to post-Ex1 & post-Ex2, respectively. NT-proBNP increased post-Ex1 (19.66%, p = 0.001), post-Ex2 (12.09%, p = 0.001) but decreased in 24 h-Ex1 (- 20.28%, p = 0.001), 24 h-Ex2 (-20.83%, p = 0.001) compared to post-Ex1&Ex2, respectively. Following a 31.18% increase post-Ex1, a smaller 23.65% increase was observed post-Ex2 in hs-TnT levels, however, decreases of -19.57 and - 32.20% were observed 24 h- postEx1&Ex2 compared to post-Ex1&Ex2, (p = 0.001 for all). Time to fatigue (TTF) improved post-supplementation (- 0.5%, p = 0.002), whereas the placebo showed no change (- 0.08%, p = 0.793).

Conclusions
CoQ10 supplementation significantly reduced post-exercise cardiac stress markers (GDF-15, NT-proBNP, hs-TnT) and improved TTF in athletes. These findings suggest potential associations with reduced cardiac stress responses to exercise, but further studies are required to confirm the clinical significance and long-term effects of CoQ10 supplementation on cardiovascular health in athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines integrativen neuromuskulären Trainings auf das Verletzungsrisiko und die sportliche Leistung bei Sportlern: eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098544</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098544</guid>
      <author>Jiang, T.</author>
      <author>Zhang, M.</author>
      <author>Wang, Z.</author>
      <author>Wang, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jiang, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Integrative Neuromuscular Training (INT) is a multi-component training approach aimed at optimizing neuromuscular function, improving athletic performance, and reducing injury-related risks. While existing studies suggest that INT can improve injury risk factors and enhance performance, its effectiveness and underlying mechanisms remain contentious, with many existing studies lacking comprehensive quantitative synthesis and subgroup analyses.

Methods
A systematic search was conducted across nine databases from their inception to August 31, 2025, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the application of INT in athletes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (ROB2) was used for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata/MP 17.0, with risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and standardized mean differences (SMD) for continuous outcomes. Hedges` g and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for effect sizes, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Begg`s and Egger`s tests. The GRADE method was employed to assess the quality of evidence.

Results
A total of 25 RCTs (10,124 participants) were included. The meta-analysis revealed that INT is associated with a reduced injury risk in athletes (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58-0.91, p = 0.004), as well as improvements in jump performance (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.58-1.17, p < 0.001), sprinting ability (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.44-1.06, p < 0.001), change-of-direction ability (SMD = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.38-1.57, p = 0.001), and dynamic balance (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.31-1.51, p = 0.003), However, significant heterogeneity was found in most studies, and according to ROB2, the majority of studies were categorized as "having some concerns". Therefore, the certainty of the evidence should be interpreted in the context of the GRADE framework. Subgroup analysis suggests that INT may be particularly effective in adult athletes (= 18 years), female athletes, football players, and those undergoing high-frequency (= 3 sessions/week) and longer-duration (single session > 30 min) interventions.

Conclusion
Current evidence suggests that INT is associated with reduced injury risk and improvements in jump performance, sprinting, change-of-direction, and dynamic balance in athletes. Adult athletes, female athletes, and football players may benefit more significantly from INT, especially when the intervention frequency is = 3 sessions per week and the duration exceeds 30 min per session.

This study has been prospectively registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (registration number: CRD420251131811) and was reported in strict adherence to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The complete PRISMA flowchart and relevant details can be found in the supplementary materials.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wahrgenommener Einfluss des Menstruationszyklus auf die sportlichen Leistungen bei Sportlerinnen im Jugend- und Erwachsenenalter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098663</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098663</guid>
      <author>Zinner, C.</author>
      <author>Aschendorf, P.</author>
      <author>Noel, B.</author>
      <author>Klatt, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrazeptiva</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zinner, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aschendorf, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Noel, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Klatt, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to (a) assess how female athletes from various sports perceive the impact of their menstrual cycle on training and competition performance and (b) examine whether the sport type is associated with the use of hormonal contraceptives.
Methods: An online survey consisting of 37 questions was conducted among female athletes from different sports. In total, 257 athletes (mean age: 21.1 ± 6.0 years) completed the questionnaire.
Results: Overall, 40% of participants reported health complaints during their menstrual cycle, with a higher prevalence among athletes under 18 years of age (54%) compared to those over 18 (27%). A total of 53% (n = 135) perceived a performance impact related to their menstrual cycle. Of these, 49% (n = 66) reported performance decreases, particularly during menstruation, while 9% (n = 12) reported increases, and 57% (n = 77) noted fluctuations across different phases. Regarding contraceptive use, 49% (n = 126) of all athletes reported using contraceptives; 6% used non-hormonal methods. Contraceptive use varied by sport type (e.g., 73% in aesthetic sports vs. 35% in team sports) but not by age group. Interestingly, 38.5% had not received medical information about associated risks or side effects.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that perceived performance decreases are most commonly reported during the menstruation phase. Contraceptive use patterns vary across sport disciplines, highlighting the potential role of sport-specific demands in reproductive health management. These insights underline the importance of individualized education and training adaptation strategies, particularly in youth and high-demand sports settings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modellierung longitudinaler Veränderungen der maximalen Kurzzeitleistung bei jungen Volleyballspielern - eine Bayes-Analyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098664</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098664</guid>
      <author>Carvalho, H. M.</author>
      <author>Soares, A, L. A.</author>
      <author>Oliveira, A. M.</author>
      <author>Galvao, L. G.</author>
      <author>Karasiak, F. C.</author>
      <author>Memdes, F. G.</author>
      <author>Resende, R.</author>
      <author>Goncalves, C. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körpermaß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Bayesische Gleichung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Soares, A, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Galvao, L. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karasiak, F. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Memdes, F. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Resende, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goncalves, C. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract

This study examined the sex-related variation in the developmental changes of maximal short-term power outputs in young Brazilian volleyball athletes while considering the potential influence of body size. The study included 75 participants, comprising 35 females and 40 males aged between 10.5 and 17.8 years. Performance assessment included the countermovement jump, 10 m sprint, 2 kg medicine ball throw and volleyball-specific agility. Athletes were measured 3-4 times over 12 months. Bayesian hierarchical models were used to model developmental trends across adolescence. The results revealed substantial developmental improvements in maximal short-term power outputs during adolescence, with particularly noteworthy advancements observed among male athletes. Our model predictions revealed a pronounced non-linear increase in jumping and sprint performance at around ages 14 and 16 years for females and males, respectively; however, further improvements plateaued once these peak levels were attained, resulting in negligible gains. Female athletes displayed a markedly lower rate of development in the 2 kg medicine ball throw compared to male athletes. Conversely, there were no sex-based differences in the rate of linear performance improvement in the volleyball-specific agility test. These findings offer valuable insights to coaches, helping them better comprehend the asynchrony in the progression of volleyball-specific maximal short-term power outputs during adolescence.


Zusammenfassung

Diese Studie untersuchte geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in den Entwicklungsveränderungen der maximalen kurzzeitigen Leistungsfähigkeit bei jungen brasilianischen Volleyballspielern unter Berücksichtigung des möglichen Einflusses der Körpergröße. An der Studie nahmen 75 Personen teil, darunter 35 weibliche und 40 männliche Athleten im Alter von 10,5 bis 17,8 Jahren. Die Leistungsbewertung umfasste den Countermovement Jump, einen 10-Meter-Sprint, den Wurf eines 2-kg-Medizinballs sowie einen volleyballspezifischen Agilitätstest. Die Athleten wurden 3 bis 4 Mal über einen Zeitraum von 12 Monaten gemessen. Bayesianische hierarchische Modelle wurden verwendet, um Entwicklungstrends während der Adoleszenz zu modellieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigten signifikante Entwicklungsverbesserungen in der maximalen kurzzeitigen Leistungsfähigkeit während der Adoleszenz, wobei insbesondere bei männlichen Athleten bemerkenswerte Fortschritte festgestellt wurden. Unsere Modellvorhersagen ergaben einen ausgeprägten nichtlinearen Anstieg der Sprung- und Sprintleistung bei etwa 14 Jahren für weibliche und 16 Jahren für männliche Athleten. Nach Erreichen dieser Spitzenwerte stagnierten jedoch weitere Verbesserungen, was zu minimalen Zuwächsen führte. Weibliche Athleten zeigten eine deutlich geringere Entwicklungsrate beim Wurf des 2-kg-Medizinballs im Vergleich zu männlichen Athleten. Umgekehrt gab es keine geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in der linearen Leistungsverbesserung beim volleyballspezifischen Agilitätstest. Diese Ergebnisse liefern wertvolle Erkenntnisse für Trainer, um die Asynchronität in der Entwicklung der volleyballspezifischen maximalen kurzzeitigen Leistungsfähigkeit während der Adoleszenz besser zu verstehen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkung eines 8-wöchigen kombinierten Krafttrainings für die unteren Extremitäten auf die Medley-Wendetechnik von jugendlichen Schwimmern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098665</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098665</guid>
      <author>Kaiyang, S.</author>
      <author>Dandan, P.</author>
      <author>Peng, Z.</author>
      <author>Qi, Y.</author>
      <author>Fengjie, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lagenschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rumpf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gliedmaßen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wende</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaiyang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dandan, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peng, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Qi, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fengjie, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of core combined lower limb strength training on medley turning technique of adolescent swimmers.
Methods: Ten female adolescent swimmers were selected for 8-week core combined lower limb strength training. The swimmers completed the core endurance, squat jump test, and 200 m individual medley race before and after training. Core endurance test included trunk extensor and flexor endurance tests; the Kistler MARS (5695BQ2, Kistler Instrument, Winterthur, Switzerland) system was used to perform squat jump test to evaluate the lower limb power. Underwater and digital video cameras and one TritonWear sensor (Triton 2, LUCID Vision Labs, Richmond, BC, Canada) were used to collect the turning parameters.
Results: Compared with pretraining, the time of extensor and flexor endurance increased by 49.5 s (p = 0.005) and 47.5 s (p = 0.005) respectively. Squat jump height, relative peak force and relative peak power increased by 0.02 m (p = 0.042), 0.26 N/kg (p = 0.003), and 3.74 W/kg (p = 0.003) respectively. The -5 m to 5 m times in all swimming turns had significantly decreased by 0.70 s (p = 0.004), 0.53 s (p = 0.018), and 0.53 s (p = 0.002), respectively. The tuck times in backstroke to breaststroke and breaststroke to freestyle turns significantly decreased by 0.26 s (p = 0.028) and 0.24 s (p = 0.034), respectively. The hip joint angle in butterfly to backstroke turn decreased by 8.50° (p = 0.005), and the knee joint angle decreased by 4.87° (p = 0.009). The hip joint angle in breaststroke to freestyle turn decreased by 7.83° (p = 0.016). The maximal acceleration in all swimming turns had significantly increased by 2.73 m/s2 (p = 0.031), 3.47 m/s2 (p < 0.001), and 2.12 m/s2 (p = 0.040), respectively.
Conclusion: An 8-week core combined lower limb strength training can improve the core strength and lower limb power in adolescent swimmers, optimize the tuck technique, reduce the -5m to 5m time, and increase the maximum acceleration during the swimming turns in 200 m individual medley.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Übereinstimmung und prädiktive Modellierung bilateraler isokinetischer Kraftunterschiede bei Knie-, Hüft- und Mehrgelenkbewegungen: eine umfassende Analyse mit linearer Regression und einem neuronalen Netzwerk</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098666</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098666</guid>
      <author>Puschkasch-Möck, S.</author>
      <author>Günther, C.</author>
      <author>Warnecke, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Puschkasch-Möck, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Günther, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Warnecke, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Bilateral strength differences are frequently discussed as a risk factor for noncontact injuries. Research on this topic, however, is inconclusive. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the concordance of isokinetic bilateral strength differences in single-joint and multi-joint movements of the lower limb. Forty-nine track and field athletes performed multi-joint leg extensions and single-joint knee and hip extensions at two different velocities. Directed bilateral differences were calculated for all measurements. Concordance correlations were calculated to investigate magnitude and direction of the differences. Additionally, multiple linear regressions for the multi-joint movements as well as an explorative factor analysis were performed. A neuronal net was constructed to investigate whether the bilateral difference in the fast multi-joint leg extension could be predicted from the single-joint measurements. The results indicate poor to fair concordance and the factor analysis identified two independent factors: factor 1 represents bilateral differences in multi-joint and knee extensions, while factor 2 represents differences in hip extensions. The neuronal net was not able to predict the bilateral differences in multi-joint leg extensions with sufficient accuracy. Neither magnitude nor orientation of the observed strength disparities exhibit a discernible pattern across the evaluated parameters. The interchangeable utilization of bilateral strength differences from different testing conditions must be precluded. Consequently, when evaluating interlimb symmetry, it is imperative to conduct a diverse array of tests.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verfügbarkeit, Zugänglichkeit und Wirksamkeit von psychologischen Interventionen nach Sportverletzungen oder Beendigung der Karriere bei Spitzensportlern. Eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098667</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098667</guid>
      <author>Wegner, I.</author>
      <author>Schröder, J.</author>
      <author>Reer, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wohlbefinden</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereende</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wegner, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schröder, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reer, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Mental health is becoming increasing focus in sport, especially after sport injuries or career termination. This review highlights the accessibility and effects of psychological interventions and extends existing evidence by including both injury- and career termination-related interventions across diverse study designs. We conducted a systematic search in June 2025 across four databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, PsycInfo) to identify peer-reviewed clinical studies involving injured elite athletes or those at the end of their careers (aged 16+), who received psychological interventions such as psychotherapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) or mindfulness-based approaches. In all, 13 studies were included with a total of 298 participants. The studies employed various psychological approaches, e.g., ACT, mindfulness training, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), goal-setting or behavioral activation (BA). The quality of the studies was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for observational studies, JBI checklist for quasi-experimental studies and the PEDro scale for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Findings indicate that psychological interventions enhance mental health and support rehabilitation. Two included studies focused on athletes` post-sport careers. Due to the variety of investigated sports and methodological approaches, it remains unclear whether individual or team athletes benefit more. The studies offered a broad overview but limiting detailed insights into specific interventions. This study underscores the need for standardized and easily accessible psychological support for injured athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Epidemiologie von Verletzungen bei Karate-Nachwuchsathleten: Häufigkeit und Muster bei den iranischen Meisterschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098534</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098534</guid>
      <author>Seyedi, S. R.</author>
      <author>Augustovicova, D.</author>
      <author>Tabben, M.</author>
      <author>Zhong, Y.</author>
      <author>Khorsandi, M.</author>
      <author>Sayyar, S.</author>
      <author>Lin, Y.</author>
      <author>Marjani, M. E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Karate</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Seyedi, S. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Augustovicova, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tabben, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhong, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Khorsandi, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sayyar, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Marjani, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
The rise in youth karate competition participation correlates with elevated injury risk. This study investigated injury incidence and patterns among Iranian junior athletes at the 2023 National Karate Championships (Tehran, April-May 2023), the official selection event for the national team, considering differences by age, sex, weight, and bout characteristics.

Methods
A prospective cohort design was employed, analyzing data from 1391 athletes across 1544 bouts. Injury data were systematically collected by qualified medical personnel using standardized forms. Injury incidence rates (IIRs) were rigorously calculated per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and per 1000 min of exposure (MEs) to account for varying exposure durations.

Results
A total of 527 injuries were recorded during the competition. The overall IIR was determined to be 18.94 per 1000 AEs and 9.02 per 1000 MEs. The face was identified as the most commonly injured anatomical site, accounting for 46% of all injuries, while contusions were the most frequent injury type, comprising 48%. Athletes in the Under-21 (U21) male category exhibited the highest injury rates. Furthermore, more than half (52%) of all recorded injuries occurred within the first minute of a bout, and losing athletes sustained a disproportionately high 59% of the total injuries.

Conclusion
In conclusion, this study identified a high injury incidence among Iranian junior karate athletes, with the face being the most commonly affected region and contusions the predominant injury type. Male and U21 athletes showed notably higher injury rates, particularly early in bouts and among those who lost. These findings highlight the need for targeted preventive strategies and serve as a national benchmark for future injury surveillance in youth karate.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Opfer für den Erfolg: Wie Trainer, Sportler und Manager Engagement und Konformität im skandinavischen Spitzenfußball zur Selbstverständlichkeit machen</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098483</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098483</guid>
      <author>Sigvartsen, K.</author>
      <author>Tjønndal, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sigvartsen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tjønndal, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examines how coaches, athletes and managers influence and reproduce cultural expectations of performance within their teams, and how athletes respond to these expectations. Methodologically, the study is based on qualitative interviews with athletes, coaches and managers within two Scandinavian elite football clubs. Using a Foucauldian perspective on power, the analysis shows how coaches and managers normalise athlete sacrifice, discomfort and conformity within team culture, setting high performance standards that athletes internalise and help to sustain. Importantly, athletes are monitored and disciplined into particular behaviours, though paradoxically, these disciplinary practices often inhibit their ability to meet performance standards fully. Additionally, results highlight how recruitment practices pre-screen for cultural compatibility, laying a foundation for maintaining discipline and cohesion. The findings provide insights into how disciplinary power operates within elite sports environments, shaping behaviours, attitudes and beliefs that may prove detrimental to athlete health.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Priming-Effekt von Sprints mit schwerem Widerstand auf dem Schlitten auf Sprintleistungen beim Eislaufen bei Eishockeyspielern: Einfluss des neuromuskulären Zustands und des Zeitpunkts der Priming-Maßnahme </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098484</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098484</guid>
      <author>Laakso, L. A.</author>
      <author>Cleather, D.</author>
      <author>Patterson, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Laakso, L. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cleather, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Patterson, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The primary aim of this study was to assess the objective and the perceived priming effect of resisted sled sprints (RSS) on 30 m skating sprint performance in under-20 elite male ice hockey players. Further aims were to determine the impact of pre-priming exercise neuromuscular status on the priming effect of RSS, and whether RSS affects initial acceleration (0-10 m) and high-speed skating (20-30 m) differently in skating sprints. Twenty-one national-level ice hockey players (17.8 ± 0.9 yr) performed 4x15 m RSS with a resistance equating to 50% velocity decrement (Vdec), 1 h (1h-PRE) and 24 h (24h-PRE) before performing a 30 m skating sprint. Neuromuscular status was determined with the mean reactive strength index modified (RSImod) of three countermovement jumps. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded no differences in skating sprint times in either timing condition for 0-30, 0-10, and 20-30 m. RSImod was significantly lower (p = 0.01) in the 1h-PRE intervention group (1h-INT) compared to baseline, showing a large effect size of neuromuscular fatigue in 1h-INT (g = 0.89). There was no difference in readiness to perform and ratings of perceived performance in either timing condition. These results suggest that 4x15 m RSS at 50% Vdec provides no priming effect in non-fatigued junior ice hockey players following 1 and 24 h. A possible priming effect exists after 1 h in fatigued athletes. Skating sprint performance was not affected in any condition. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Isokinetische Analyse der inneren und äußeren Rotatoren der Schulter bei männlichen Handballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098485</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098485</guid>
      <author>Bonab, M. J.</author>
      <author>Tazji, M. K.</author>
      <author>Sadeghi, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Handball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sehne</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>isokinetisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Rotatorenmanschette</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bonab, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tazji, M. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sadeghi, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Shoulder injuries are highly prevalent among handball players due to the sport`s high-intensity and repetitive overhead movements, which place substantial mechanical demands on the shoulder joint. These injuries not only compromise performance but may also increase the risk of long-term musculoskeletal complications. Evaluating the isokinetic properties of the shoulder`s internal and external rotator muscles provides critical insights into muscle imbalances and can guide targeted preventive strategies.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze and compare the isokinetic characteristics of shoulder internal and external rotator muscles during concentric contractions at ten angular velocities between amateur and professional handball players. Methods: Twenty-four handball players (12 amateurs and 12 professionals) participated in this cross-sectional comparative study. The mean age of the amateur group was 21.16 ± 1.11 years, and 21.66 ± 1.66 years for the professional group. Mean height was 1.82 ± 0.50 m for amateurs and 1.86 ± 0.58 m for professionals, while mean weight was 74.66 ± 5.86 kg and 82.83 ± 15.44 kg, respectively. Isokinetic data were collected at ten angular velocities using the Biodex System 3 Pro device. Key outcome measures included peak torque, time to peak torque, and muscle strength ratios.

Results: Professional players demonstrated significantly higher peak torque at higher angular velocities (270°/s and 300°/s) compared to amateurs (p < 0.05). External rotator muscles exhibited significant differences across all velocities (p < 0.05), suggesting enhanced shoulder stabilization in professionals. Professionals reached peak torque faster, which may confer performance advantages but could marginally increase the risk of shoulder impingement. At higher velocities, internal rotators in professionals showed greater angles at peak torque (p < 0.05). Additionally, muscle strength ratios were more favorable in professional players at higher velocities (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: High-velocity training is crucial for optimizing shoulder internal and external rotator muscle performance in handball players. Professional athletes displayed faster and stronger muscular responses, whereas amateurs exhibited delayed peak torque and weaker external rotators, with notable deviations from standard strength ratios. These findings highlight the importance of isokinetic assessment at multiple velocities to inform training interventions aimed at enhancing performance and minimizing injury risk in both amateur and professional handball players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Trainingsphilosophie von Miryam Roper und Martyna Trajdos - Neue Ideen für Körper und Geist</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098596</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098596</guid>
      <author>Kauer-Berk, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mentales Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kauer-Berk, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zusammenfassung:

Ansatz und Philosophie: Miryam Roper und Martyna Trajdos, beide ehemalige internationale Top-Judoka, setzen sich heute im Nordrhein-Westfälischen Judo-Verband (NWJV) für eine ganzheitliche Förderung von Nachwuchs- und Leistungssportlern ein. Ihr sogenanntes "360-Grad-Programm" betrachtet nicht nur die judospezifischen und körperlichen Fähigkeiten, sondern auch das Umfeld, die persönliche Entwicklung sowie die mentale und körperliche Gesundheit der Athletinnen und Athleten.Innovative Methoden:Leistungsdiagnostik und Screening: Roper und Trajdos führen systematische Tests zur Beweglichkeit, motorischen Kontrolle und Kraft durch. Diese Screenings helfen, Stärken, Schwächen und potenzielle Verletzungsrisiken frühzeitig zu erkennen und das Training individuell anzupassen.Individuelles Feedback: Die Ergebnisse der Screenings werden mit den Athletinnen und Athleten sowie deren Heimtrainern besprochen, um gezielt an Schwächen zu arbeiten und die Eigenverantwortung der Sportler zu stärken.Mentale Gesundheit: Trajdos bringt ihre Expertise als Mentalcoach ein und legt Wert auf Themen wie Ernährung, Gewichtmanagement und mentale Stärke. Sie vermittelt, dass Erfolge nicht nur im Wettkampf, sondern auch durch das Erreichen von Prozesszielen sichtbar werden sollten.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technik Masterclass - Detlef Knorrek Vor-Rück-Finte</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098597</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098597</guid>
      <author>Knorrek, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Knorrek, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zusammenfassung der Redaktion:

Der Artikel beschreibt die Technik der Vor-Rück-Finte im Judo, die von Detlef Knorrek demonstriert wird, inklusive Details zur Ausführung und Bedeutung.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technik Masterclass - Udo Quellmalz Tai-otoshi</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098598</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098598</guid>
      <author>Quellmalz, U.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungslehre</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Quellmalz, U.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zusammenfassung der Redaktion:

Der Artikel beschreibt Udo Quellmalz' Tai-otoshi-Technik, seine Wettkampferfahrungen und die Bedeutung dieser Spezialtechnik im Judo.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technik Masterclass - Martin Schmidt Umdreher zu Yoko-shiho-gatame</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098599</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098599</guid>
      <author>Schmidt, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungslehre</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schmidt, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zusammenfassung der Redaktion:

Der Artikel beschreibt eine spezielle Judo-Technik des Yoko-shiho-gatame, ihre historische Bedeutung und die Karriere des Judoka Martin Schmidt.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technik Masterclass - Regina Sigmund Ko-soto-gake aus Diagonalgriff</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098600</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098600</guid>
      <author>Sigmund, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungslehre</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sigmund, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zusammenfassung der Redaktion:

Der Artikel beschreibt die Technik des Ko-soto-gake im Judo, insbesondere die Anwendung und Vorbereitung anhand einer Diagonalgriff-Kata von Regina Sigmund.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technik Masterclass - Pauline Starke Rolle zu Ushiro-kesa-gatame</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098601</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098601</guid>
      <author>Starke, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungslehre</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Starke, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zusammenfassung der Redaktion:

Der Artikel beschreibt die Technik des Sankaku-Angriffs im Judo, insbesondere die Variante von Pauline Starke, inklusive ihrer Ausführung und Bedeutung.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technik Masterclass - Anna Monta Olek O-soto aus dem Doppel-Gürtelgriff</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098602</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098602</guid>
      <author>Olek, A.-M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Judo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Olek, A.-M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Zusammenfassung der Redaktion:

Der Artikel beschreibt eine spezielle O-soto-Technik im Judo, vorgestellt von Anna Monta Olek, inklusive Details zur Ausführung und Training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der isokinetischen Kraft in Hüfte und Knie auf die Beschleunigung der unteren Extremitäten bei Roundhouse-Kicks auf Kopf und Brust im Taekwondo</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jan 2025 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098482</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098482</guid>
      <author>Cumbur, C.</author>
      <author>Gerçek, N.</author>
      <author>Sani, F.</author>
      <author>Sanli, G.</author>
      <author>Uzun, S.</author>
      <author>Agopyan, A.</author>
      <author>Ramazanoglu, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taekwondo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hüfte</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>isokinetisch</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cumbur, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gerçek, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sani, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanli, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uzun, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Agopyan, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ramazanoglu, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
In taekwondo, sufficient kicking force is required to score valid points on electronic protectors. Impact force varies with kicking speed, and lower extremity strength is crucial for optimal scoring.

Objective
To investigate the relationship between isokinetic strength and segmental acceleration in the striking leg during roundhouse kicks (RHKs).

Methods
Seventeen female taekwondo athletes (age: 208 ± 1.81 years) participated. Lower limb isokinetic strength was assessed with a dynamometer, and segmental accelerations were measured using inertial sensors. Correlations between isokinetic moments and accelerations during mid-level and high-level RHKs were analyzed using Fisher's Z transformation.

Results
During mid-level RHKs, knee flexion moments correlated with ankle accelerations, while high-level RHKs showed additional correlations between hip flexion moments and segmental accelerations. Joint accelerations were driven by flexor moments (hip and knee flexion). No bilateral differences were found in isokinetic strength or segmental accelerations, except for ankle acceleration during high-level RHKs (p = 0.039). Significant increases in segmental accelerations (p < 0.05) strengthened by Fisher Z transformation, particularly for knee flexion and ankle acceleration (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Mid-level RHKs are knee-dominant, while head-level kicks require greater contributions from both knee and hip flexion. Strengthening both extensor and flexor muscles is vital for optimizing kicking performance]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Studienprotokoll zur Beobachtung und technischen Analyse beim Inline-Speedskating in Kurven</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098443</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098443</guid>
      <author>Medeiros, L.</author>
      <author>Silva, A.</author>
      <author>Conceição, A.</author>
      <author>Louro, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Inlineskating</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kurvenlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Medeiros, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Conceição, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louro, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Inline speed skating is a very technical sport, and therefore behavioural patterns are a very important subject to analyse. There are several types of curves, and this study proposes to compare skaters` performance on 2 types of curves: i) banked direct curve and ii) parabolic banked curve. To register skaters' motor patterns, an observation system was used. This study focused on registered skaters (aged between 17 and 25 years) performance when skating the 2nd curve of a 200-meter flying lap. Image capture will be done with 3 cameras shooting simultaneously. Existing patterns will be detected using the Theme 5.0 software (Magnusson, 2000; Magnusson et al., 2004). We observed different alphanumeric codes and different numbers of codes in the 6 moments of observation as in Medeiros et all (2025). Behavioural patterns were not similar when compared between tracks.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen verschiedener Trainingsformen auf die Physiologie, die Hämatologie und die Leistungsfähigkeit bei äthiopischen Elite-Langstreckenläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098446</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098446</guid>
      <author>Worku, N.</author>
      <author>Tola, Z. B.</author>
      <author>Taddese, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blut</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Äthiopien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trainingsform</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hämatologie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Worku, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tola, Z. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taddese, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
This study aimed to investigate the physiological, hematological, and performance adaptations resulting from sequential blocks of endurance (EnT), speed (SpT), and strength (StT) training in elite Ethiopian middle- and long-distance male runners. Using a quasi-experimental repeated-measures design with a fixed order (EnT -> StT -> SpT), twenty male athletes (23.7 ± 3.2 years; 3000-10000 m events) completed three 6-week training blocks. Physiological (estimated VO2max, resting heart rate, running economy), hematological (hemoglobin, hematocrit, Red blood cell count (RBC), White blood cell count (WBC)), and performance measures (400 m speed, 5000 m time trial, 12-minute Cooper test) were assessed pre- and post-intervention using paired T-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results
The endurance training block produced significant improvements in aerobic and hematological parameters, including estimated VO2max (+ 6.20 ml·kg-¹·min-¹), resting heart rate (- 3.80 bpm), and hematocrit (+ 4.35%) (all p < 0.001). Subsequent strength and speed training blocks were associated with gains in running economy (StT: -4.2% oxygen cost, p < 0.01; SpT: -1.8%, p < 0.05) and 400 m speed (StT: -1.21 s, SpT: -1.00 s; both p < 0.001). All training modalities contributed to improved 5000 m times (EnT: -18 s, p < 0.01; SpT: -9 s, p < 0.01; StT: -6 s; p < 0.05). The sequential training approach resulted in complementary improvements across aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular domains.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Beteiligung von Sportlern an Entscheidungsprozessen im Spitzensport: eine Scoping-Review</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098455</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098455</guid>
      <author>Bosold, A.</author>
      <author>Mayer, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beteiligung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entscheidungsverhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bosold, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mayer, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The challenge of athlete participation in decision-making in the context of elite sport is a trending topic in both science and society. Hence, this scoping review aims to systematise the heterogeneous international research discourse, analyse the theoretical frameworks employed, and examine the methodological approaches used to address issues of athlete involvement and power in elite sport organisations. Informed by the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, a systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PsychArticles, PsychInfo, and PubMed. The forty-two peer-reviewed articles included reveal, that participation in decision-making occurs with varying degrees of athlete involvement. Seven discourses were identified and categorised into individual commitment, shared decision-making, and governance in elite sport. The findings also indicate a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches being employed to address athlete participation. The findings provide an innovative foundation for further research on the conceptualisation of athlete participation in decision-making in elite sport.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer einseitigen Unterarmamputation auf Flüssigkeitsdrehmomente und Körperneigung beim Kraulschwimmen sowie die Auswirkungen auf die Leistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098463</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098463</guid>
      <author>Payton, C.</author>
      <author>Osborough, C.</author>
      <author>Sanders, R.</author>
      <author>Gonjo, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vortrieb</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Paraschwimmen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Amputation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Rotation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Payton, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Osborough, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sanders, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonjo, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
Rotation of the body about its longitudinal axis or "body roll" in front crawl swimming may reduce injury risk, enhance propulsion, and reduce drag. An upper limb amputation may hinder body roll and diminish the benefits associated with this movement. This study examined the external fluid torques (buoyant and hydrodynamic) acting on unilateral upper limb amputee swimmers and their influence on whole-body roll, shoulder roll, and hip roll during front crawl.

Methods:
Ten Para swimmers with unilateral at-elbow amputation completed front crawl trials at sprinting speed. Three-dimensional motion analysis provided shoulder roll and hip roll angle-time histories. Swimmer`s center of mass (CM), center of buoyancy (CB), and whole-body angular momentum (H) were determined relative to the body roll axis. Whole-body roll was calculated by dividing H by the moment of inertia at each time and integrating over the cycle. Buoyant torque was obtained from the cross product of the CM-CB position vector and the buoyant force vector. Net external torque was computed as the time derivative of H, and hydrodynamic torque was then found by subtracting buoyant torque from net external torque.

Results:
Shoulder roll amplitude, maximum buoyant torque, and buoyant torque-impulse were greater (P < 0.01) during recovery (over-water phase) of the nonimpaired limb than during recovery of the impaired limb. No significant bilateral differences were found for whole-body roll, hip roll, or trunk-twist amplitudes. Mean contributions of buoyant torque and hydrodynamic torque to whole-body roll over the full upper limb cycle were 48% and 52%, respectively.

Conclusions:
Swimmers with unilateral forearm amputation experience an asymmetric buoyant torque, requiring them to sacrifice propulsive force to counterbalance the torque asymmetry and maintain symmetric whole-body roll.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prädiktoren einer fortgeschrittenen Wiederherstellung der Menstruationsfunktion bei sportlich aktiven Frauen mit Oligo-/Amenorrhö: Eine Sekundäranalyse der REFUEL-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098464</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098464</guid>
      <author>Salamunes, A. C. C.</author>
      <author>Mallinson, R. J.</author>
      <author>De Souza, M. J.</author>
      <author>Ricker, E. A.</author>
      <author>Allaway, H. C. M.</author>
      <author>Williams, N. I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Störung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Amenorrhoe</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Female Athlete Triad</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Salamunes, A. C. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mallinson, R. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>De Souza, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ricker, E. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Allaway, H. C. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Williams, N. I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
To determine the energetic and hormonal predictors of advanced menstrual recovery (>=2 consecutive menstrual cycles of <36 d) in the REFUEL study, a 12-month intervention of increased energy intake in exercising women with oligo/amenorrhea.

Methods:
Participants (21.8 ± 0.7 yr; N = 25) were categorized based on whether they experienced advanced menstrual recovery (REC) or not (non-REC). Potential recovery predictors were measured at baseline (BL) and at the time point preceding advanced menstrual recovery (PRE). For the non-REC group, PRE was the measurement preceding the last two menstrual cycles/28-d amenorrheic monitoring periods recorded during the intervention. Predictors included body composition, energy intake, energy availability, urinary estrone-1-glucuronide and pregnanediol glucuronide, serum metabolic hormones, and resting metabolic rate variables. T tests and Mann-Whitney U tests assessed group differences. Logistic regressions determined recovery predictors.

Results:
The REC group had higher percent fat (25.7 ± 1.0% vs 21.8 ± 1.0%, P = 0.006) and fat mass (14.7 ± 0.7 vs 11.6 ± 0.7 kg, P = 0.003) at BL and fat mass (15.3 ± 0.6 vs 13.4 ± 0.5 kg, P = 0.019), insulin-like growth factor-1 (273.1 ± 13.5 vs 229.6 ± 19.3 ng·mL-1, P = 0.036), and leptin (7.5 ± 1.3 vs 4.6 ± 0.7 ng·mL-1, P = 0.033) at PRE than the non-REC group. Estrone-1-glucuronide and pregnanediol glucuronide increased in the REC group (from 27.6 ± 4.5 to 35.3 ± 5.0 ng·mL-1, P = 0.007; from 1.2 ± 0.2 to 1.3 ± 0.2 µg·mL-1, P < 0.001). Predictors of menstrual recovery were the number of menstrual cycles experienced in the 12 month before the intervention, BL percent fat and fat mass, and fat mass and insulin-like growth factor-1 at PRE (P < 0.05). Combining BL fat mass and previous 12-month menstrual frequency correctly classified 91.3% of women as REC or non-REC.

Conclusions:
A higher fat mass and a previous pattern (12-month) of frequency of menses may have an important role for advanced menstrual recovery to be achieved.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schwankungen von Östrogen, Progesteron und der nächtlichen Physiologie stehen weder innerhalb noch zwischen Menstruationszyklen mit Leistung und Schlaf in Zusammenhang</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098465</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098465</guid>
      <author>Pearson, M. A.</author>
      <author>Weakley, J. J. S.</author>
      <author>Johnston, R. D.</author>
      <author>Fernandez, F.</author>
      <author>Munteanu, G.</author>
      <author>Halson, S. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schlaf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Menstruationsphase</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pearson, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Weakley, J. J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnston, R. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernandez, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Munteanu, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Halson, S. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
To investigate performance, recovery, sleep, nocturnal physiology, ovarian hormone concentrations, and menstrual cycle symptoms within and between menstrual cycle phases and establish within-phase reliability of these measures.

Methods:
Twenty naturally cycling, trained female participants (age 27 ± 5 yr) completed a repeated measures study design. Serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations, countermovement jumps, isometric mid-thigh pulls, a repeated 5 km cycle time trial, and two nights of sleep architecture were measured in phases one, three, and four of two menstrual cycles. Sleep and wake measures from activity monitoring, nocturnal heart rate (HR) measures from the Oura Ring, and menstrual cycle symptoms were monitored daily. Statistical analyses included linear mixed models and reliability measures.

Results:
Estradiol concentrations were significantly lower in phase one versus three, one versus four, and three versus four (P < 0.001 to 0.04) in both menstrual cycles. Progesterone concentrations were significantly lower in phase one versus four, and three versus four (P < 0.001) in both menstrual cycles. Symptoms were significantly higher in phase one versus three and four (P < 0.001) in cycle one only. No significant differences between phases were found for performance, recovery, and sleep in either cycle, except for the nonrapid eye movement stage three (N3%) sleep in cycle two. Nocturnal average HR was significantly lower (P < 0.001) and HR variability higher (P < 0.001) in phase one versus four in both cycles. Ovarian hormone concentrations were highly variable within each phase (coefficients of variance 28%-95%), while performance and recovery demonstrated minimal variability in both cycles.

Conclusions:
Performance, recovery, and sleep in trained female participants remained consistent despite ovarian hormone fluctuations. Consequently, practitioners should test athletes when convenient, using accurate and reliable assessments rather than synchronizing testing with specific menstrual cycle phases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wirksamkeit strukturierter Ateminterventionen auf die Herzfrequenzvariabilität und die Herzfrequenzerholung nach maximaler Belastung bei taktischen Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098466</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098466</guid>
      <author>Jones, M. E.</author>
      <author>Smith, G.</author>
      <author>Acevedo, A.</author>
      <author>Melton, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Atmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenzvariabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jones, M. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Acevedo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Melton, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
This study investigated the acute effects of two structured breathwork methods on autonomic recovery following maximal exertion.

Materials and Methods:
A randomized control trial was conducted with 62 cadets (44 males and 18 females) assigned to three distinct groups: box breathing (BB), cyclic sighing (CS), or spontaneous breathing control. Participants performed a graded exercise test to assess maximal oxygen consumption (VO2). High-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) were collected to evaluate autonomic recovery and parasympathetic reactivation. HF-HRV was analyzed at three time points: baseline (Pre), 1-3-min postexercise recovery (Post1), and 4-6-min postexercise (Post2). HRR was measured at 1- and 3-min intervals, analyzing reductions from peak heart rate captured at VO2max. All analyses were evaluated using a 3 (group) × 3 (time) mixed-design repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results:
All groups were comparable in age, weight, height, and body mass index (21 ± 3 yr; 77.4 ± 15.4 kg; 173.1 ± 9.0 cm; 25.7 ± 4.0 kg·m-2, respectively). HF-HRV revealed significant main effects for time (F(2,118) = 465.01, P < 0.001, Eta2=0.89), group (F(2,59) = 8.20, P < 0.001, Eta2=0.22), and time × group interaction (F(4,118) = 3.54, P = 0.009, Eta2=0.21). Both the CS and BB groups had greater increases in HF-HRV from Post1 to Post2 when compared to spontaneous breathing (P = 0.001). HRR improved across all participants from 1- to 3-min postexercise with n group level differences (F(1,59) = 33.51, P < 0.001, Eta2=0.36).

Conclusions:
Structured breathwork following maximal exertion significantly accelerated parasympathetic reactivation as reflected by HF-HRV. Both BB and CS offer a simple field-ready intervention aimed to enhance operational readiness for tactical populations through enhancing acute physiological recovery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines neuromuskulären Trainings und zusätzlichen visuellen Biofeedbacks auf die Landebiomechanik und die sensomotorische Hirnaktivität bei jungen Sportlerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098467</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098467</guid>
      <author>Slutsky-Ganesh, A. B.</author>
      <author>Chaput, M.</author>
      <author>Hogg, J. A.</author>
      <author>Zuleger, T. M.</author>
      <author>Kim, H.</author>
      <author>Diekfuss, J. A.</author>
      <author>Anand, M.</author>
      <author>Schille, A.</author>
      <author>DiCesare, C.</author>
      <author>Warren, S. M.</author>
      <author>Riehm, C. D.</author>
      <author>Schnittjer, A. J.</author>
      <author>Farraye, B. T.</author>
      <author>Pierce, S.</author>
      <author>Roe, J. W.</author>
      <author>Bennison, J.</author>
      <author>Barber Foss, K. D.</author>
      <author>Simon, J. E.</author>
      <author>Riley, M. A.</author>
      <author>Myer, G. D.</author>
      <author>Grooms, D. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biofeedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sensomotorik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aktivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>visuell</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Slutsky-Ganesh, A. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chaput, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hogg, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zuleger, T. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kim, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Diekfuss, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anand, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schille, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>DiCesare, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Warren, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Riehm, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schnittjer, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Farraye, B. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pierce, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roe, J. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennison, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barber Foss, K. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Simon, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Riley, M. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Myer, G. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Grooms, D. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction:
Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are debilitating, often requiring surgical reconstruction and prolonged recovery. Female adolescent athletes are at particularly high risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury and display distinct neuromuscular control patterns during jump landing that further increase injury risk. Neuromuscular training (NMT) designed to reduce injury risk can be enhanced with automated movement corrective biofeedback to improve neuromuscular control and landing biomechanics; however, the central nervous system responses to targeted NMT that underlie adaptive biomechanical responses are not well-understood.

Purpose:
This study aimed to identify the effects of NMT on landing biomechanics and task-related brain activity, examine the relationship of changes in these variables, and determine if additive visual biofeedback (augmented versus sham) provides a meaningful impact on injury-related outcomes.

Methods:
This study included 55 female middle- and high-school athletes (agemean = 15.73 ± 1.40 yr) who participated in ~6 wk of NMT (3×/wk; 18 sessions), which included up to 12 sessions of additive biofeedback (augmented: n = 28; sham: n = 27). Testing at pre- and post-NMT included a drop vertical jump task to assess landing biomechanics (sagittal and frontal plane hip and knee kinematics and kinetics) and a supine bilateral leg press task during functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess brain activity during a complex sensorimotor movement task.

Results:
NMT improved landing biomechanics (Eta2 range = 0.04-0.41, Ps < 0.049) and reduced task-related brain activity in sensorimotor regions (Prange = 0.015-0.032). Pre-post increases in postcentral gyrus brain activity predicted a reduction in left knee peak abduction moment (odds ratio = 22.61, 95% confidence interval [2.41, 212.21], P = 0.048). Additive biofeedback did not appear to influence outcomes of interest.

Conclusions:
NMT improved sensorimotor efficiency and landing biomechanics. However, increased somatosensory activity emerged as a critical predictor of improved landing patterns, highlighting the role of enhanced sensory processing in biomechanical risk-reduction.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Durch langfristiges intensives Training verstärkte Hirnlateralisierung und ihre Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber kurzfristigen Gehirnerschütterungen bei Eliteathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098468</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098468</guid>
      <author>Cao, B.</author>
      <author>Guo, Y.</author>
      <author>Deng, F.</author>
      <author>Chen, L.</author>
      <author>Lu, M.</author>
      <author>Wang, J.</author>
      <author>Huang, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lateralität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Cao, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Deng, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huang, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background:
Brain lateralization, the hemispheric specialization of functional networks, is essential for motor and cognitive functions. However, how intensive athletic training shapes hemispheric organization remains poorly understood. This study investigated the formation of functional lateralization in elite athletes through long-term intensive training and its potential alteration by external factors, specifically sport-related concussions.

Methods:
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 13 world class gymnasts (WCGs) and 14 nonathletic controls. Longitudinal data were collected from 18 soccer players and eight golfers before and after one season, with concussions monitored in the soccer players. Laterality indices of hemispheric integration and segregation (LIint and LIseg) were calculated to quantify hemispheric differences in information processing for each brain region, and the standard laterality index (LI) was employed to measure hemispheric asymmetry. Associations between laterality indices and neurotransmitter receptor/transporter densities were examined. Postseason changes in these indices were assessed to evaluate the effects of concussion on brain lateralization.

Results:
The WCGs showed significantly increased LIint in several left-hemispheric regions, including the precentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, superior parietal lobule, and lateral occipital cortex compared with the healthy controls, although no significant differences were found in LIseg. Furthermore, the LI analysis revealed that the WCGs showed higher hemispheric asymmetry in the left precentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. These laterality indices also were positively correlated with certain neurotransmitters. Similar patterns of enhanced lateralization and neurotransmitter associations were observed in soccer players and golfers. However, no significant changes in laterality indices were observed as a result of concussions sustained during the season.

Conclusions:
Long-term intensive training enhances functional integration in the left hemisphere, leading to stable brain lateralization patterns resilient to sport-related concussions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prävalenz und prädiktive Faktoren muskuloskelettaler Verletzungen bei Triathleten: Eine Querschnittsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098469</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098469</guid>
      <author>Anselmo-e-Silva, C. I.</author>
      <author>Santos-de-Araújo, A. D.</author>
      <author>Ferreira-Silva, H.</author>
      <author>Oliveira da Silva, E.</author>
      <author>de Farias Brito, I. M.</author>
      <author>de Lima Oliveira, C.</author>
      <author>Checo Melger, M. J.</author>
      <author>de Menezes Pinto, C.</author>
      <author>Sprada de Menezes, F.</author>
      <author>Teixeira Alves de Sousa, N.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Brasilien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Orthopädie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Anselmo-e-Silva, C. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos-de-Araújo, A. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ferreira-Silva, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oliveira da Silva, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Farias Brito, I. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Lima Oliveira, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Checo Melger, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Menezes Pinto, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sprada de Menezes, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira Alves de Sousa, N.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Triathlon combines swimming, cycling, and running over varying distances and has grown in popularity in recent years. Despite this, few studies investigate the prevalence and risk factors of injuries. This study aimed to analyze injury prevalence and distribution across body regions in Brazilian triathletes, and to identify predictive factors associated with injury development.

Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 758 Brazilian triathletes through an online form. Data collected included sociodemographic and anthropometric information, sports participation duration, injuries in the past 12 months, and number of competitions. Descriptive statistics were applied, with group comparisons using t-test, Mann-Whitney, or Chi-square tests. Binary logistic regression identified injury predictors, with variables (p < 0.20) entered into multiple regression via forward selection. Model fit was assessed using R² Cox & Snell, R² Nagelkerke, and ROC curve analysis.

Results
Of the 758 triathletes, 614 (81%) were male. More than half (n = 425) reported an injury in the past 12 months, most frequently in the lower limbs, particularly the knee (16.88%). Logistic regression revealed associations between injury occurrence and receiving prevention guidance from a physician (OR = 0.512; 95% CI: 0.320-0.818; p = 0.005), physiotherapist (OR = 0.249; 95% CI: 0.178-0.348; p < 0.001), and physical education professional (OR = 0.338; 95% CI: 0.244-0.467; p < 0.001). Participation in Ironman 70.3 distance in the last year increased injury likelihood (OR = 1.018; 95% CI: 1.216-2.339; p = 0.002). The ROC curve demonstrated good discriminative capacity (AUC = 0.759; 95% CI: 0.724-0.793; p = 0.001).

Conclusion
Lower limb injuries were the most prevalent among Brazilian triathletes. Injury prevention guidance from physicians, physiotherapists, and physical education professionals was associated with reduced risk, whereas competing in Ironman 70.3 distance increased injury likelihood. The predictive model showed good accuracy.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen eines 8-wöchigen Mentaltrainingsprogramms auf die ITN-Testleistungen von Tennisspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098470</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098470</guid>
      <author>Yalcin, I.</author>
      <author>Genc, H.</author>
      <author>Bayram, A.</author>
      <author>Sezer, B. S.</author>
      <author>Isik, O.</author>
      <author>Gumus, H.</author>
      <author>Novak, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yalcin, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Genc, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bayram, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sezer, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Isik, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gumus, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novak, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
The ITN (International Tennis Number) test is frequently applied to determine the general game success of tennis players. Mental training is widely used to improve the athletic performance. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an 8-week mental training program applied to male tennis players on ITN test performances.

Method
Twenty amateur male tennis players voluntarily participated in this study. This study was conducted with a quasi-experimental design and the participants were randomly divided into Tennis and Tennis + Mental training groups. The Tennis group performed only tennis-specific training for 45 minutes, 2 days a week for 8 weeks. The Tennis + Mental training group performed 45 minutes of mental training (imagery, focus, self-talk, and breath control) before each tennis training session, followed by similar training with the tennis group, and the tennis players` ITN test performances were measured as pre- and post-tests. IBM SPSS package program was used to analyze the obtained data. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the difference between the ITN test and its components of the Tennis and Tennis + Mental training groups. In addition, the percentage differences of time points according to the groups were calculated with the formula "% Delta = (Pre-test - Post-test) / Pre-test *100".

Results
There was no statistically significant difference between the ITN test performance of the Tennis and Tennis + Mental training groups. When the measurement times of the groups were compared, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the ITN test performances. When group and time interactions in ITN test performances were analyzed between groups, a statistically significant difference was found. According to these results, while the ITN test performance of the Tennis group increased by 6.35%, the ITN test performance of the Tennis + Mental training group increased by 16.51%.

Conclusion
It was determined that the ITN test scores of tennis players increased through both Tennis and Tennis + Mental training, applied for eight weeks. However, it was determined that mental training in addition to tennis training provided a higher level of improvement in ITN test performances.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ist eine geringere Trainingsfrequenz effektiver? Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung des Flywheel-Krafttrainings während der Wettkampfsaison auf Vertikalsprung- und Sprintleistungen bei männlichen Mannschaftssportlern: Eine Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098471</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098471</guid>
      <author>Qu, W.</author>
      <author>Lu, D.</author>
      <author>Sun, X.</author>
      <author>Sun, J.</author>
      <author>He, J.</author>
      <author>Song, W.</author>
      <author>Li, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungshäufigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Mannschaftssportart</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schwungrad</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Qu, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lu, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Song, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
The purpose of this study is to systematically review and meta-analyze the effects of in-season flywheel resistance training (FRT) compared to traditional resistance training (TRT) on vertical jump and linear sprint performance in team-sport athletes. Additionally, this study aims to explore the moderating effects of training parameters (such as frequency, intensity, and duration) on training outcomes.

Methods
This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. Five databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing in-season flywheel resistance training (FRT) with traditional resistance training (TRT) on vertical jump and sprint performance in team-sport athletes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and evidence quality was graded using the GRADE approach. Data were analyzed using Review Manager and Stata, with subgroup and sensitivity analyses performed. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger`s test.

Results
Seven randomized controlled trials with 199 male athletes were included. The overall risk of bias was moderate, and evidence quality was low. Flywheel resistance training (FRT) significantly improved countermovement jump (CMJ) height (SMD = 0.46, p < 0.01) and had a small positive effect on linear sprint performance (SMD = -0.38, p = 0.02). Subgroup analyses indicated that CMJ performance improved with training programs consisting of more than 12 sessions, a duration of 5-10 weeks, and a training frequency of less than twice per week. No significant subgroup effects were observed for sprint performance. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results, and no publication bias was detected.

Conclusion
Compared with TRT, FRT is more effective in enhancing CMJ performance and linear sprint speeds over specific distances in male team-sport athletes during the in-season. Training protocols characterized by low frequency (<= 2 sessions per week) and a total of around 12 sessions appear to facilitate better athletic adaptations. Future research should include female athletes and investigate long-term interventions to further refine the application strategies of FRT in in-season training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der transkraniellen Gleichstromstimulation auf die neuromuskuläre Kontrolle bei Richtungswechseln</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098472</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098472</guid>
      <author>Wang, H.</author>
      <author>Zhang, H.</author>
      <author>Zhu, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrolle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>transkranielle Stimulation</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The ability to change direction is crucial in soccer; however, evidence regarding acute intervention methods remains limited. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain modulation technique, has already been shown to enhance muscle function and athletic performance. Still, its influence on athletes` change-of-direction skills—especially at different turning angles—has not been fully clarified. In this study, thirteen male collegiate soccer players were divided into two groups: an experimental group receiving real stimulation and a control group receiving sham stimulation. The experimental group underwent twenty minutes of bilateral anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex at 2 mA. tDCS significantly improved 45° COD performance (p = 0.027), while no changes were observed at 90°. Electromyography results provided further detail: during 45° turns, the integrated EMG values of the vastus lateralis increased significantly (p = 0.021), and during 90° turns, the root mean square values of the vastus medialis also rose significantly (p = 0.047). Altogether, these findings suggest that tDCS can act as an effective acute intervention to improve athletes` agility in direction changes, offering a practical edge for performance enhancement. This study was prospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR290251, October 15, 2025).]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse des Verletzungsrisikos anhand von Bewegungseinschränkungen und Körperasymmetrien zur Vorhersage von Sportverletzungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098473</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098473</guid>
      <author>Zhou, S.</author>
      <author>Liu, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körper</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Sports injuries remain a major concern for athletes and fitness enthusiasts, affecting performance and long-term well-being. Effective prediction and prevention strategies are critical for reducing injury incidence. This study investigates the predictive roles of movement restriction and body asymmetry in sports injury risk.

Methods
Sports injuries remain a major concern for athletes and fitness enthusiasts, affecting performance and long-term well-being. Effective prediction and prevention strategies are critical for reducing injury incidence. This study investigates the predictive roles of movement restriction and body asymmetry in sports injury risk.

Results
Significant restrictions in knee and shoulder mobility were associated with increased injury risk. Notably, asymmetries in lower limb strength and flexibility were linked to higher rates of unilateral injuries. For example, a 10% increase in movement restriction corresponded to a 15% higher injury risk, while a 20% strength imbalance predicted a 30% increase. The leg strength imbalance ratio showed a moderate positive correlation with injury rates (r = 0.35, p = 0.03), while the gait symmetry index was negatively correlated (r = -0.42, p < 0.01).

Conclusions
Joint mobility and interlimb balance play critical roles in injury susceptibility. Targeted interventions such as personalized exercise regimens and movement retraining may help mitigate these biomechanical risk factors. Future research should explore sport-specific injury mechanisms and refine predictive models using real-time monitoring and machine learning approaches.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Risiko für Gesamtverletzungen und körperregionsspezifische Verletzungen bei Sportlern nach einer Gehirnerschütterung: Eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit und Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098475</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098475</guid>
      <author>Liao, M.</author>
      <author>Gu, Y.</author>
      <author>Liu, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Gehirnerschütterung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liao, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the risk of subsequent all-cause, recurrent concussion, upper extremity, and lower extremity injuries in athletes with a history of sport-related concussion.

Methods
Following PRISMA guidelines, cohort studies published from inception through August 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and EBSCO. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. Pre-specified subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to investigate sources of heterogeneity, including injury timing, study design, sport type, and athlete competition level.

Results
Nineteen cohort studies involving 86,879 athletes were included. Athletes with a history of concussion had significantly higher odds of sustaining a subsequent all-cause injury (OR = 1.93; 95% CI = 1.39-2.68). The risk was most pronounced for recurrent concussion (OR = 3.06; 95% CI = 1.81-5.17), and was also significantly elevated for upper extremity (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.10-2.81) and lower extremity injuries (OR = 1.49; 95% CI = 1.06-2.09). Given the high heterogeneity observed in the primary outcomes (I2 > 90%), the pooled effect sizes should be interpreted with caution as average associations across varying study contexts, rather than as precise predictions applicable to all settings. Subgroup analysis revealed that injury risk was statistically significant in studies with follow-up periods beyond six months (OR = 1.94) but not for shorter durations. The association was strongest and statistically significant among college athletes (OR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.53-3.44), while estimates for professional and high school athletes were not significant. Meta-regression identified sport type as a significant moderator of injury risk (p = 0.038).

Conclusion
A history of concussion significantly increases the risk of subsequent injuries, with the odds being highest for recurrent concussion. The persistence of this risk beyond six months suggests that clinical recovery does not equate to full functional recovery. These findings underscore the need for enhanced return-to-play protocols that incorporate objective functional assessments and targeted rehabilitation to mitigate the heightened vulnerability to injury in post-concussed athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungs- und verletzungsbezogene Auswirkungen eines niedrig belastenden Blutflussrestriktionstrainings bei Amateurfußballspielern: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098476</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098476</guid>
      <author>Kaya, B. K.</author>
      <author>Alpözgen, A. Z.</author>
      <author>Alpözgen, M. R.</author>
      <author>Dikmen, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Durchblutung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Blutfluss</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>blood flow restriction training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kaya, B. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alpözgen, A. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alpözgen, M. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dikmen, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Blood flow restriction (BFR) has gained interest in its application in exercise and potential benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of low-load, low-frequency BFR training compared with traditional high-intensity training on soccer-related performance outcomes and injury indicators in amateur athletes.

Methods
Twenty licensed male soccer players competing in a university-level league were randomized to either a BFR group (n = 10, 22.3 ± 1.3 years) or a control group (n = 10, 22.1 ± 1.8 years) for 6 weeks of training. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included muscle strength-endurance (isokinetic dynamometer), power (vertical jump test), aerobic endurance (Yo-Yo level 1 test), speed-agility (T test, Y-shaped reactive agility test), dynamic balance (Y test), thigh circumference, fatigue (blood lactate, Borg scale), and sportive self-confidence. Perceived change (GROC) was assessed post-intervention. Injury data were tracked for six months following the intervention.

Results
BFR improved dominant limb flexor strength, endurance, aerobic capacity, speed, and dynamic balance (p < 0.05, Cohen`s d: 0.40-1.06). Both groups showed gains in power, agility, and self-confidence (p < 0.05, Cohen`s d: BFR = 0.51-1.35; Control = 0.40-1.01), whereas hypertrophy (p = 0.026, PEta2 = 0.24) and GROC scores (p = 0.022) were significantly higher in the BFR group than in the control group. No differences were observed in terms of fatigue. The standard error of the mean values for significant within-group changes ranged from 0.03 to 8.64. Although the injury rate was lower in the BFR group, this trend was not significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
BFR appears to be a feasible, load-efficient, and well-tolerated approach to improve performance parameters in amateur soccer players, with potential benefits for lower-limb injury prevention.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Auswirkungen von Musik mit unterschiedlichen Rhythmen auf verschiedene sportliche Parameter: Eine Untersuchung an türkischen Athleten im traditionellen Bogenschießen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098477</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098477</guid>
      <author>Sahan, K.</author>
      <author>Boz, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bogenschießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Türkei</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Musik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sahan, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boz, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
This study seeks to contribute uniquely to the underexplored field of traditional Turkish archery by objectively examining the effects of music on physiological and technical parameters, including heart rate, shooting duration, shooting frequency, shooting performance, and draw biomechanics.

Methods
In this context, the study investigated the effects of rhythmic diversity on parameters such as heart rate, shooting frequency, shooting duration, shooting accuracy, and draw biomechanics. The participants of the study were 14 students studying at Bayburt University and interested in traditional Turkish archery. The athletes were assigned shooting tasks initially without music and then with music at different BPM ranges (Downbeat, Medium, and Upbeat). Various biometric and athletic data were recorded before and after the music. During the practice, the effects of downbeat, medium, and upbeat tempo music on different physiological reactions and performance variables were analyzed. A Polar watch, a digital stopwatch, and a high-resolution camera were used during the shooting sessions. Kinovea software was used to measure draw biomechanics.

Results
The study results revealed significant differences in heart rate between shots performed with music at different rhythms, with higher average values found with higher tempo music (p < 0.05; F = 13.842). Regarding shot duration (p < 0.05; F = 9.212) and shooting frequency (p < 0.05; F = 8.763), shots performed without music took longer, while shots performed with moderate tempo music were found to be the most efficient. Participants scored significantly higher for shots performed with both no music (42.09) and medium rhythm music (44.71) than for shots performed with downbeat and upbeat tempo music (p < 0.05; F = 9.826). However, no differences were found in the draw biomechanics that shape technical performance during shooting based on music type (p > 0.05; F = 0.968).

Conclusions
The findings indicate that while higher musical tempos elevate athletes` heart rates and reduce shooting duration and frequency, shooting performance is superior at moderate tempos compared to downbeat or upbeat tempos.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleichende Auswirkungen von hochintensivem Intervalltraining und funktionellem Training auf leistungsrelevante Parameter bei jugendlichen Volleyballspielerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098478</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098478</guid>
      <author>Bilici, Ö. F.</author>
      <author>Kizilet Topates, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>HIIT</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>funktionelles Training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bilici, Ö. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kizilet Topates, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Volleyball requires repeated explosive actions, agility, and technical precision, demanding contributions from both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Time-efficient training methods such as resistance-based high intensity interval training (HIIT) and high intensity functional training (HIFT) have been proposed to enhance multidimensional performance in young athletes. However, direct comparisons of their effects in adolescent female volleyball players are limited.

Methods
Thirty-two licensed female volleyball players (aged 15-18 years) were randomly assigned to a resistance-based HIIT group (n = 10), a HIFT group (n = 11), or a control group (n = 11). The training interventions lasted 12 weeks with two supervised sessions per week, in addition to regular volleyball practice. The HIIT program consisted of progressive resistance-based high intensity intervals performed at 85-95% HRmax, while the HIFT program comprised multimodal circuit-style functional exercises performed at comparable intensities (~ 85-95% HRmax). Performance assessments were conducted pre- and post-intervention and included the countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), medicine ball throw (MBT), pro-agility test, 20 m sprint, repeated sprint fatigue index (RSI), volleyball skill test, Yo-Yo IR1 distance, VO2max, blood lactate concentration, and maximal heart rate (MaxHR). Data were analyzed using a 3 × 2 mixed-model ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests, and effect sizes were reported as Cohen`s d and partial eta squared (Etap²).

Results
Significant Group × Time interactions were observed for CMJ (F(2,29) = 9.14, p < 0.001, Etap²=0.39), SLJ (F(2,29) = 12.08, p < 0.001, Etap²=0.45), VO2max (F(2,29) = 11.53, p < 0.001, Etap²=0.44), MaxHR (F(2,29) = 3.56, p = 0.041, Etap²=0.20), and volleyball skill test (F(2,29) = 7.44, p = 0.002, Etap²=0.34). HIFT produced the greatest improvements in explosive power (CMJ Delta =+5.15 cm; SLJ Delta =+12.82 cm), RSI (Delta =-1.56), and volleyball skill performance (Delta =+13.18 points), with large effect sizes (d = 1.3-3.2). HIIT showed relatively greater improvements in aerobic capacity (VO2max Delta =+0.90 ml·kg-1·min-1) and endurance (d = 0.7-2.0). No significant between-group differences were observed for lactate.

Conclusions
Both resistance-based HIIT and HIFT proved effective in improving several physical and volleyball-specific performance components in adolescent female players. HIIT produced slightly greater gains in aerobic capacity, while HIFT showed larger numerical improvements in explosive strength, agility, and technical skill performance; however, these between-intervention differences were not statistically significant. Overall, the findings suggest that each modality offers complementary benefits, and integrating both HIIT and HIFT may provide a balanced conditioning approach for the holistic development of youth volleyball athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verletzungsmechanismen des ulnaren Kollateralbands im Baseball: Kriterien und Begründung für die Rückkehr zum Sport - eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098479</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098479</guid>
      <author>Huang, D.</author>
      <author>Lew, W. J.</author>
      <author>Shimoda, B.</author>
      <author>Snyder, E. M.</author>
      <author>Khor, K. S.</author>
      <author>Cifu, D. X.</author>
      <author>Lew, H. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Baseball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Band</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ellbogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Huang, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lew, W. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shimoda, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Snyder, E. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Khor, K. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cifu, D. X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lew, H. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background and aims
Return-to-play (RTP) readiness is a critical consideration for common baseball injuries, including after ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries. UCL injuries, often resulting from repetitive throwing stress, can significantly impact an athlete`s career, requiring interventions ranging from nonoperative rehabilitation to surgical reconstruction. While RTP criteria for these injuries exist, they remain inconsistent across studies and clinical practice. Commonly reported RTP criteria include achieving pain-free range of motion and completion of progressive throwing distances. This systematic review aims to analyze and compare different RTP criteria for UCL injuries in baseball players.

Methods
This systematic review follows the PROSPERO protocol (CRD42024607322) and adheres to the PRISMA guidelines. Three independent reviewers conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to identify relevant studies. Search results were imported into Covidence for systematic screening and data management. Any disagreements or uncertainties in study selection were resolved by a fourth reviewer to ensure consistency and accuracy. After full-text screening and eligibility assessment, 18 articles were included for data extraction.

Results
Eighteen studies on UCL injuries (n = 2887) were included. UCL injuries predominantly affected professional or collegiate pitchers in baseball and were linked to valgus stress during high-velocity throwing. Reported rehabilitation protocols varied, ranging from brief immobilization followed by progressive range-of-motion and throwing programs to structured three-month conservative interventions before considering surgery. RTP was assessed using objective performance metrics such as earned run average (ERA), walks and hits per inning pitched (WHIP), and advanced metrics like Wins Above Replacement (WAR). RTP rates ranged from 80% to 91%, with most players returning to their pre-injury level of competition. Some studies reported incomplete protocol adherence due to pain, lack of motivation, or pursuit of alternative treatments.

Conclusion
This review highlights inconsistencies and differences in RTP criteria for UCL injuries. Key influencing factors include treatment type, competition level, and psychological readiness. Although metrics such as ERA, WHIP, and imaging findings are frequently used, their application lacks uniformity. Standardized, multidisciplinary RTP protocols integrating physical, imaging, and psychological components are essential to guide safe and objective return-to-sport decisions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>
