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    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen oraler Kontrazeptiva und des biologischen Geschlechts auf die Griffkraft und die Erregung während der Immobilisierung und der Erholungsphase: Eine explorative klinische Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098287</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098287</guid>
      <author>Stock, M. S.</author>
      <author>Bauerlein, H. M.</author>
      <author>Edwards, M. F.</author>
      <author>Stambaugh, K. E.</author>
      <author>Parsowith, E. J.</author>
      <author>Carr, J. C.</author>
      <author>Smith-Ryan, A. E.</author>
      <author>Richardson, R. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrazeptiva</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erregung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griffkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stock, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bauerlein, H. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Edwards, M. F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stambaugh, K. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parsowith, E. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carr, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith-Ryan, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Richardson, R. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Females often experience greater weakness following immobilization compared with males. Hormonal fluctuations from the menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive (OC) use may contribute to sex differences and response variation.

Purpose: 
We examined changes in peak and rapid force and surface electromyographic excitation among females using monophasic OC and females not using OC following immobilization and rehabilitation. To examine potential sex differences, a male control group was included.

Methods: 
Ten males, 10 OC females, and 10 non-OC females (mean ± standard deviation age = 23 ± 3 yr) immobilized their left wrist/hand with a brace for 1 wk, followed by =1 wk of rehabilitation. Participants completed grip tests to assess peak force and the rate of force development before and after immobilization and postrehabilitation, with electromyographic signals recorded from the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor digitorum superficialis.

Results: 
Grip force declined postimmobilization: males = -17.2 ± 10.3%, non-OC = -22.3 ± 24.7%, OC = -20.7 ± 14.8%. No significant time-group interactions were observed for any dependent variables (P > 0.05, ?²p = 0.084). Time effects showed recovery postrehab across all groups. Rate of force development, particularly at 200 ms, declined posttest and rebounded postrehab. Extensor carpi radialis brevis excitation increased postrehab; flexor digitorum superficialis excitation responses were highly variable across participants. Five participants required >1 wk of rehabilitation (two males, two non-OC, and one OC), suggesting rapid recovery for most.

Conclusions: 
Males and females in this study exhibited similar declines and recovery in grip force after 1 wk of wrist/hand immobilization, regardless of OC use. These findings suggest that the influence of OC use on neuromuscular outcomes in females undergoing short-term musculoskeletal rehabilitation may be minimal.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimentelle Belege für die unabhängige Modulation von Schrittfrequenz und Taktverhältnis beim Ausdauerlauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098288</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098288</guid>
      <author>Patoz, A.</author>
      <author>Perrinjaquet, D.</author>
      <author>Garcia, J.</author>
      <author>Malatesta, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Frequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schrittfrequenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Patoz, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Perrinjaquet, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Malatesta, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract
Purpose: 
Running patterns have been conceptualized as a continuum defined by step frequency (SF) and duty factor (DF), two variables proposed to act as independent axes within a dual-axis framework. However, their experimental independence at a fixed speed has not yet been verified. This study aimed to directly test the independence of SF and DF during treadmill running at 11 km·h-1 using a real-time visual biofeedback system.

Methods: 
Fifteen trained runners performed a preferred baseline trial followed by 16 randomized conditions in which either SF (±6%, ±12%) or DF (±8%, ±16%) was imposed while the other variable was free to vary.

Results: 
SF manipulation did not significantly affect DF (P = 0.14), with adjustments in contact and flight time occurring in parallel and preserving the ratio underlying DF. In contrast, extreme DF manipulations (±16%) significantly altered SF (P = 0.03), as opposing adjustments in contact and flight time were insufficient to stabilize step time.

Conclusions: 
These findings provide the first direct experimental evidence that SF and DF can be modulated independently within a functional range, partly confirming the dual-axis model. Practically, SF and DF represent distinct levers for modifying running mechanics, offering clinicians and coaches flexible strategies for performance optimization.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leistungsprognose und Einstufung von Athleten anhand des Modells der anaeroben Leistungsreserve im Rudersport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098289</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098289</guid>
      <author>Rappelt, L.</author>
      <author>Donath, L.</author>
      <author>Wiedemann, T.</author>
      <author>Micke, F.</author>
      <author>Mühlenhoff, S.</author>
      <author>Held, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsreserve</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rappelt, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donath, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wiedemann, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Micke, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mühlenhoff, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Held, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract
Purpose: 
With the Olympic rowing distance reduced to 1500 m for 2028, the anaerobic power reserve framework has been proposed to evaluate anaerobic performance and differentiate physiological profiles. This study investigated performance predictions and athlete profiles using the anaerobic power reserve framework and related physical performance measures.

Methods: 
Thirty-one female (simulated 2000-m performance [power output during 2000-m trial (P2k)] = 285.1 ± 36.0 W) and 63 male (P2k = 422.8 ± 62.2 W) (sub-)elite German rowers completed tests for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal lactate accumulation rate, peak power output (PPO), power at  VO2max (MAP), at 2 mmol·l-1 (P2) and 4 mmol·l-1 blood lactate (P4), and P2k. Backward stepwise regression models were used to predict P2k, and the model`s performance was evaluated via a k-fold cross-validation approach. Commonality analyses and Lindeman, Merenda, and Gold (LGM) metrics were used to assess predictor contribution, while k-means clustering based on the power reserve ratio (PRR = PPO·MAP-1) was used to identify athlete subgroups.

Results: 
For P2k prediction, P4, PPO, and VO2max  in females (average results from k-fold cross-validation: R2 = 0.90, root mean squared error = 9.3 W, mean absolute error = 6.3 W), and P4, MAP, and PPO in males (R2 = 0.93, root mean squared error = 16.2 W, mean absolute error = 12.6 W) showed excellent model fits. Commonality analyses revealed ~90% shared variance contributions among predictors. K-means clustering identified sprint-type (females: PRR = 1.52; males: PRR = 1.66) and endurance-type rowers (females: PRR = 1.43; males: PRR = 1.62) along the PRR continuum.

Conclusions: 
Key predictors for P2k highlight the interplay between the aerobic and anaerobic systems. Moreover, the distinct sprint- and endurance-type clusters emphasize the physiological diversity among rowers, even among athletes with similar performance outcomes. Longitudinal PRR assessments may support talent identification and tailored training strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variabilität der Koordinationsfähigkeit bei einbeinigen Landungen und Sekundärverletzungen bei jungen Sportlern nach einer primären Rekonstruktion des vorderen Kreuzbandes</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098290</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098290</guid>
      <author>Perry, J. A.</author>
      <author>Kronenberg, J. M.</author>
      <author>Thomas, S. M.</author>
      <author>Paterno, M. V.</author>
      <author>Siston, R. A.</author>
      <author>Schmitt, L. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Perry, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kronenberg, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thomas, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paterno, M. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siston, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schmitt, L. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: 
Young, active individuals who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) after an ACL injury often experience suboptimal outcomes, including a high risk of second ACL injury. Coupling angle variability has been used previously to investigate the interactions between joints and their relative coordination, but it has not yet been used to investigate the future risk of subsequent ACL injury during dynamic tasks post-ACLR. As such, the purpose of this work was to examine the relationship between coordination variability and second ACL injury outcomes in young athletes after primary ACLR, along with uninjured controls.

Methods: 
This article represents a secondary analysis from a larger parent study that included motion capture data at the time of return to sports and second ACL injury incidences over a 2-yr period after return to sports in young athletes post-ACLR. We utilized kinematic data during landing to calculate coordination variability with a modified vector coding technique. For this analysis, coordination variability during the landing phase of a single-leg landing task was compared among three groups: uninjured control participants (CTRL), participants with ACLR that did not sustain a subsequent second ACL injury (ACL1), and participants with ACLR that sustained a second ACL injury (ACL2).

Results: 
On the uninvolved limb, CTRL demonstrated lower coordination variability compared with ACL1 and ACL2. On the involved limb, CTRL demonstrated the lowest coordination variability, and ACL2 demonstrated the highest coordination variability of the three groups.

Conclusions: 
The higher coordination variability seen in the ACLR groups suggests lower consistency of movement strategies. Additional research is needed to further investigate how coordination variability may impact subsequent injury risk after primary ACLR.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biodynamische Analyse des alpinen Skisports anhand eines Modells zur Wechselwirkung zwischen Skifahrer, Ski und Schnee</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098292</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098292</guid>
      <author>Gao, N.</author>
      <author>Guo, J.</author>
      <author>Jin, H.</author>
      <author>Ren, G.</author>
      <author>Yang, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>alpiner Skisport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Boden</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schnee</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gao, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Guo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jin, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ren, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yang, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
This study aimed to develop a musculoskeletal-environment interaction model to reconstruct the dynamic-interaction process in skiing.

Methods: 
This study established a skier-ski-snow interaction model that integrated a 3D full-body musculoskeletal model, a flexible ski model, a ski boot model, a ski-snow contact model, and an air resistance model. An experimental method was developed to collect kinematic and kinetic data using inertial measurement units, GPS, and plantar pressure measurement insoles, which were cost-effective and capable of capturing motion in large-scale field conditions. The ski-snow interaction parameters were optimized for dynamic alignment with snow conditions and individual turning techniques. Forward-inverse dynamics simulation was performed using only the skier`s body segment kinematics as the model input, leaving the pelvis`s translational degrees of freedom relative to a fixed reference frame unconstrained. The model`s effectiveness was verified by comparing the simulated results with experimental GPS and insole force data. A forward-muscular inverse-skeletal framework was used to estimate muscle activations.

Results: 
The agreement between simulated ski-snow contact forces and measured insole forces showed a correlation coefficient of 0.94, with a mean error of -0.022 ± 0.186 N per body weight (mean ± SD), and the error between the predicted motion trajectory and the GPS data was 0.02 ± 0.07 m. Kinematic and kinetic parameters extracted from skiers of different skill levels enabled quantitative evaluation of skiing performance.

Conclusions: 
The skier-ski-snow interaction model, combined with the ski-snow interaction parameter optimization, enabled the characterization of skiing characteristics across varied snow conditions and different turning techniques (such as carving and skidding). Our research advanced the understanding of alpine skiing dynamics by enabling the identification of skill-dependent kinetic patterns, thereby providing insights to enhance performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bei der Überwachung des Menstruationszyklus während der Ruhephase und beim submaximalen Radfahren werden zwar psychologische, jedoch nicht motorische Leistungs- und physiologische Kennzahlen beeinflusst</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098293</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098293</guid>
      <author>Schaffarczyk, M.</author>
      <author>Hipp, T.</author>
      <author>Fuchs, K.</author>
      <author>Reichelt, L.</author>
      <author>Rückemann, L.</author>
      <author>Gronwald, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Schaffarczyk, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hipp, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fuchs, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reichelt, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rückemann, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gronwald, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: 
Despite evidence of phase-dependent performance variations during the menstrual cycle (MC) and potential impairments under oral contraceptives (OC) use, findings remain inconsistent. We studied psycho-physiological and performance fluctuations using a feasible, standardized monitoring battery.

Methods: 
Twenty-two naturally menstruating women and six OC-using women performed standardized tests in specified phases (MC: early follicular phase [EFP], ovulatory phase [OP], and midluteal phase; OC: early inactive pill phase [EIPP], late inactive pill phase [LIPP], and mid-active pill phase ). Testing included the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS), heart rate time series assessment at rest and during 15-min submaximal cycling with three intensity stages, including blood lactate testing and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Motor performance was assessed via handgrip strength and countermovement rebound jumps.

Results: 
SRSS subscales emotional balance (P = 0.038) and emotional imbalance (EI; P = 0.031) were significantly affected by the MC phase, with lower emotional balance (3.23 vs 4.08, P = 0.034, d = -0.55) and higher EI (2.66 vs 1.77, P = 0.039, d = 0.57) in EFP compared with OP. In OC, all subscales except EI showed substantial deterioration in EIPP compared with LIPP or mid-active pill phase (d > 0.80; inferential statistics not reported due to low sample size). RPE during submaximal cycling showed significant MC effects (P < 0.001), with higher RPE in EFP versus OP for the first stage (11.9 vs 11.3, P = 0.024, d = 0.59). Substantially higher RPE during the first stage was also observed for OC in EIPP compared with LIPP (d = 1.55). No further significant phase effects were found.

Conclusions: 
EFP and EIPP were linked to higher RPE during submaximal cycling, increased stress, and lower recovery in SRSS. These findings emphasize the role of hormonal fluctuations in psychological outcomes, highlighting the need for individualized monitoring to optimize training and recovery.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Trainingsreaktion auf Radfahren mit konstanter Belastung und bei der Fähigkeit zu wiederholten Sprints unter heißen und trockenen sowie heißen und feuchten Bedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098294</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098294</guid>
      <author>Anbalagan, P.</author>
      <author>Peeling, P.</author>
      <author>Ihsan, M.</author>
      <author>Raciais, S.</author>
      <author>Wallman, K.</author>
      <author>Girard, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederholungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hitze</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Luftfeuchtigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Anbalagan, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peeling, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ihsan, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Raciais, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wallman, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Girard, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: 
Constant load cycling followed by a repeated-sprint ability test was compared in males and females under thermoneutral (TN), hot-dry (HD), and hot-humid (HH) conditions.

Methods: 
Twenty-four trained participants (12 males and 12 females) were assessed under three conditions: TN (20°C, 40% relative humidity [RH]), HD (40°C, 35% RH), and HH (31.5°C, 90% RH), with HD and HH matched to a Wet Bulb Globe Temperature of ~31°C. Each session included 40 min of constant load cycling (7.5 W·kg-1 metabolic heat production), 5 min of passive rest, and five 6-s sprints (24-s recovery).

Results: 
Rectal temperature reached 38.5°C in both HD and HH, compared with 38.0°C in TN (P < 0.001) after 40 min, with no sex differences (P > 0.05). Heart rate was consistently higher in HD and HH than TN from 15 min onwards (P < 0.001) during constant load cycling, with females exhibiting higher heart rates across all conditions (150 vs 146 bpm; P < 0.001). Mean and peak power output, alongside sprint decrement score, did not differ between conditions; however, males had greater sprint decrement scores than females (-9.5% vs -5.2%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions: 
Despite higher cardiovascular strain in females, both sexes showed comparable rectal temperature to constant load cycling, indicating similar heat tolerance in the two hot conditions. The lack of differences in repeated-sprint ability between hot environments, despite 40 min of submaximal cycling, suggests that RH and ambient temperature impose comparable performance challenges during "all-out" efforts.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der isolierte Einfluss der Nachgiebigkeit der Zwischensohle auf die Laufökonomie und die Biomechanik bei gut trainierten Läufern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098295</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098295</guid>
      <author>Petrella, D.</author>
      <author>Swinnen, W.</author>
      <author>Tam, N.</author>
      <author>Lane, B.</author>
      <author>Vanwanseele, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schuh</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laufökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sohlen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Petrella, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Swinnen, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tam, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lane, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanwanseele, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: 
Running economy is a key determinant of endurance performance, with recently developed advanced footwear technologies (AFTs) improving running economy substantially. One key feature of AFTs is the thick, compliant midsole. Previously, greater surface compliance has been associated with greater leg stiffness and enhanced running economy, suggesting that increased shoe compliance could induce similar effects and therefore at least partially explain the metabolic benefit of AFTs. However, it remains unclear whether midsole compliance replicates the effects of surface compliance on running economy and leg stiffness and what biomechanical mechanisms underlie these improvements.

Methods: 
Nineteen well-trained male runners completed biomechanical and metabolic testing in two shoes designed to differ only in midsole compliance. Participants ran three 5-min trials at 12 and 16 km·h-1 on an instrumented treadmill in each shoe. During these trials, we collected 3D motion capture data, ground reaction forces, and whole-body metabolic rate via indirect calorimetry.

Results: 
More compliant footwear was associated with a 3.90% improvement in running economy (P < 0.001) and a 2.98% increase in leg stiffness (P < 0.01). Additionally, runners exhibited reduced knee flexion at midstance, leg compression, average knee extension velocity, and peak knee extensor moment with greater midsole compliance (P < 0.05). These biomechanical changes resulted in a 9.46% decrease in average positive knee joint power (P = 0.001).

Conclusions: 
Greater midsole compliance improves running economy. Altering midsole compliance primarily affects knee mechanics and average positive knee joint power. While future research should explore muscle fascicle dynamics to directly determine the muscle-level effect, our results suggest that shoe compliance improves running economy by lowering knee extensor muscle metabolic demand.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Erforschung des Spektrums der orthostatischen Hypotonie bei Sportlern mit Rückenmarksverletzung: Auswirkungen auf Diagnose, Klassifizierung und Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098296</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098296</guid>
      <author>Sobeeh, M. G.</author>
      <author>Malik, R. N.</author>
      <author>Thordarson, T.</author>
      <author>Currie, K. D.</author>
      <author>Hubli, M.</author>
      <author>West, C. R., Sachdeva, R.</author>
      <author>Krassioukov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rücken</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Blutdruck</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassifizierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sobeeh, M. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Malik, R. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Thordarson, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Currie, K. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hubli, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>West, C. R., Sachdeva, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krassioukov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: 
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is classified into three subtypes based on when blood pressure drops during an orthostatic challenge: initial (IOH; within <15 s), classic (COH; within 3 min), and delayed (DOH; after 3 min). These subtypes have varying degrees of sympathetic dysfunction. OH subtypes have not been characterized after spinal cord injury (SCI), potentially leaving many undiagnosed. This study determined the prevalence and severity of autonomic impairment across OH subtypes in SCI athletes.

Method: 
Ninety-nine Paralympic athletes with chronic SCI underwent blood pressure and heart rate assessments while supine and during a sit-up test to classify OH subtypes. Autonomic functions were assessed using the Valsalva maneuver (VM) and by calculating Valsalva ratio, total recovery, pressure recovery time, and overshoot. Finally, we examined the distribution of OH across the International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF) Classification in SCI-rugby athletes.

Results: 
Notably, 33.3% of the athletes experienced OH, which included 10.1% with IOH, 9.1% with COH, and 14.1% with DOH. Compared with athletes without OH, those with OH exhibited prolonged pressure recovery time (P = 0.02) and blunted overshoot (P = 0.006) during VM. The altered VM metrics were associated with hemodynamic changes during the sit-up test. OH presence was distributed throughout all IWRF classifications.

Conclusions: 
SCI athletes can experience different subtypes of OH that might interfere with sports performance and cognition. Recognizing athletes with DOH is important since this group may be missed if their orthostatic challenge test is terminated early. Evaluation of VM outcomes could supplement an orthostatic challenge to provide valuable insight into autonomic dysfunctions after SCI. Future research is required to check how the presence of OH throughout IWRF classifications can affect performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der jugendliche Sportler und der Mannschaftsarzt: Eine Konsenserklärung. Aktualisierung 2025</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098297</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098297</guid>
      <author>Putukian, M.</author>
      <author>Leclere, L. E.</author>
      <author>Herring, S. A.</author>
      <author>Benjamin, H. J.</author>
      <author>Bennett, C. H.</author>
      <author>Boyajian-O´Neill, L.</author>
      <author>Callender, S. S.</author>
      <author>Day, M.</author>
      <author>Finooff, J. T.</author>
      <author>Franks, R.</author>
      <author>Jayanthi, N.</author>
      <author>Magnes, S. A.</author>
      <author>Matuszak, K.</author>
      <author>Roach, R.</author>
      <author>Statuta, S. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Personal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übertraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Putukian, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leclere, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Herring, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benjamin, H. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennett, C. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Boyajian-O´Neill, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Callender, S. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Day, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Finooff, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Franks, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jayanthi, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Magnes, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Matuszak, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roach, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Statuta, S. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Team physicians may be called upon to treat adolescent athletes, defined in this document as those in the range of 12-18 yr of age. Many are involved in school-based, intramural, or specialized sports participation and/or training, potentially resulting in injury and/or illness. Specialized treatments may be necessary due to growth and development of the adolescent. Additionally, psychological factors in this age group may play an important role in sports participation, emotional well-being, and injury rehabilitation. While many children younger than 12 yr of age are active in sports participation, their medical and musculoskeletal concerns are not included in the scope of this consensus statement. The healthcare team must stay educated and knowledgeable regarding potential challenges to individuals participating safely in sport. All healthcare professionals should provide quality care, free from discrimination and specific to the needs of every unique individual. Ensuring access to care, fostering welcoming sporting environments, and recognizing the distinct challenges faced by underrepresented populations will reduce healthcare disparities and improve safe participation across all sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Individuell zugeschnittenes implizites verbales Feedback - ein Schlüsselinstrument, um das Potenzial von Videoanleitungen und -feedback bei talentierten Fußballerinnen voll auszuschöpfen?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098271</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098271</guid>
      <author>Nijmeijer, E. M.</author>
      <author>Kempe, M.</author>
      <author>Elferink-Gemser, M. T.</author>
      <author>Benjaminse, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nijmeijer, E. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kempe, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elferink-Gemser, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benjaminse, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study aims to examine the effects of a four-week intervention using skilled model video instruction and individualized video and implicit verbal feedback on sidestep cutting in youth female soccer players. Forty-eight talented adolescent subjects practiced and received general task instructions. The VIDEO group received skilled model video instruction during practice. The VIDEO+SELF group received video feedback of their own execution alongside skilled model video instruction. The VIDEO+SELF+VB received all components of the VIDEO+SELF group plus implicit verbal feedback. Linear mixed model analysis was performed to analyse lower extremity kinematics and kinetics, and vertical ground reaction force of baseline, immediate post, and one-week retention tests (a=0.05). Significant effects were found from baseline to retention in the VIDEO+SELF+VB group; hip flexion (p = .025, difference: +2.1°) and abduction angle (p < .001, difference: -5.3°), knee flexion (p = .014, difference: +2.5°) and adduction angle (p < .001, difference: -9.6°), and hip abduction moment (p < .001, difference: -0.96 Nm/kg) at initial contact. These increases in sagittal plane and decreases in frontal plane motion may lower ACL injury risk. On top of skilled model video instruction, the combination of individualized video feedback with implicit verbal feedback led to improvements of movement execution in female soccer players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktoren, die die Nominierung für die Nationalmannschaft im Jugendbasketball beeinflussen: Die Rolle des relativen Alters, der Reife und des Geburtsorts</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098272</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098272</guid>
      <author>Williams, M. D.</author>
      <author>Arede, J.</author>
      <author>Gee, T.</author>
      <author>Moran, J.</author>
      <author>Messam, S.</author>
      <author>Howse, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>biologisches Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>geografische Bedingung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Großbritannien</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Profiling</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Williams, M. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arede, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gee, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moran, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Messam, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Howse, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined within-group factors associated with youth basketball players invited to national squad selection camps within Basketball England`s talent identification and development system. Data from 253 players (140 males, 113 females) were analysed for relative age, biological maturity, anthropometric characteristics, playing position, and region of birth. A significant Relative Age Effect was evident in both sexes, with an overrepresentation of players born in the first two quarters of the selection year (males: chi^2 (3) = 27.07, p < .001; females: chi^2 (3) = 9.47, p = .024). However, there were no significant differences in maturity timing or anthropometric characteristics by birth quarter, suggesting prior filtering of later-maturing players before national camp selection. Regional differences in height and mass were significant in males (height: F(8,125) = 2.34, p = .022; mass: F(8,125) = 2.31, p = .024). Guards were the most frequently selected playing position in both sexes (males: chi^2 (3) = 23.37, p < .001; females: chi^2 (3) = 33.31, p < .001). These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of selection influences within TID systems and suggest that regional context and population concentration may influence access to national pathways.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>"Man muss wirklich vorsichtig sein": Bedenken von Trainern hinsichtlich der Umsetzung der Aufklärung über die Physiologie von Sportlerinnen im Sport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098273</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098273</guid>
      <author>Daniel, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfahrung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpädagogik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Wissen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Daniel, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Female athletes are increasingly seeking knowledge and support from coaches regarding the menstrual cycle as it relates to health and performance in sport. Yet few coaches feel equipped to provide this support due to low levels of knowledge about female-specific physiology, communication barriers, and lack of access to female-specific health education. This study qualitatively examines how male and female coaches of female athletes aged 15 + responded to an online education series on supporting female athlete health and performance. Coaches were encouraged to actively apply their learning in their coaching by sharing supplemental handouts and discussing menstrual health with athletes. Coaches then shared their concerns and experiences through surveys (n = 21) and interviews (n = 5). Analysis revealed that: (1) coaches were surprised to learn that menstrual health and symptom management is a significant concern for female athletes, (2) coaches had concerns that discussing menstrual health might violate social norms, gender roles, and/or exceed the scope of their leadership responsibilities, and (3) coaches desire support in translating menstrual health learning into their work with female athletes. Additionally, female coaches (i.e., those with lived experience with the menstrual cycle) were more likely to implement menstrual health awareness in their coaching, as they were able to relate to female athletes` concerns and experiences with the menstrual cycle in sport. This study concluded that coaches` comfort in discussing menstrual health with athletes can be developed and that both male and female coaches need translational support to navigate the social stigma associated with the menstrual cycle.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Spielweisen bei der FIFA Frauen-Weltmeisterschaft 2023</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098274</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098274</guid>
      <author>López-Araya, S.</author>
      <author>Lago-Peñas, C.</author>
      <author>Pino-Ortega, J.</author>
      <author>Ibáñez, S. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2023</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>López-Araya, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lago-Peñas, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pino-Ortega, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ibáñez, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Despite the growing interest in Women's Football, there is still limited evidence on the factors that determine success in this sport. The aim of this study was to analyze the Playing Styles of the national teams that participated in the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup. The sample included all matches played in the tournament (n = 64). A total of 33 Performance Indicators were analyzed, obtained from the official FIFA website. Principal Component Analysis was used to reduce the number of variables, and upper and lower quartiles were calculated both overall and by confederation. The main results suggest that three Playing Styles were used during the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup: Counterattack-Finishing, Elaborated Attack, and Reactive-Defensive. The use of Playing Styles varied across teams, showing that sporting success was based on maintaining a balance between Counterattack-Finishing and Elaborated Attack. Teams within the same confederation also differed in the Playing Styles they used, indicating the application of different strategies rather than a single shared trend. These findings may help optimize performance in Women's Football by supporting the adjustment of strategies to the most frequently used Playing Styles and by informing planning for future competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vom Potenzial zur Leistung: Trainingsmethoden in der Talentförderung im Futsal</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098275</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098275</guid>
      <author>Mendes, D.</author>
      <author>Travassos, B.</author>
      <author>Martinho, D. V.</author>
      <author>Gouveia, É. R.</author>
      <author>Barrera-Díaz, J.</author>
      <author>Campos, P.</author>
      <author>Sarmento, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Futsal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Mendes, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Travassos, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinho, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gouveia, É. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barrera-Díaz, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Campos, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sarmento, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study offers a futsal-specific account of how elite Portuguese coaches conceptualize and operationalize talent identification and development. Adopting an ecological dynamics perspective, we conducted semi-structured interviews with seven elite male coaches (Liga Placard and national teams) and analysed transcripts thematically (NVivo 14). Findings are organised across three domains. (1) Athlete constraints: coaches framed physical capacities as non-limiting baselines, emphasising instead psychological robustness (e.g., resilience, intrinsic motivation, emotional regulation) and technical-tactical adaptability (e.g., game intelligence, rapid decision-making under pressure) as key markers of potential. (2) Task constraints: coaches prioritised representative learning design (e.g., small-sided games), adaptive task complexity, and the developmental value unstructured play alongside formal practice (3) Environmental constraints: family support, peer interactions, and school context were identified as critical factors shaping long-term development. Coaches conceptualise talent in futsal as an emergent property arising from the continuous interaction between athlete, task, and environment, shaped by the sport's specific demands. This study advances talent identification and development in futsal by grounding ecological theory in the lived expertise of coaches within one of the world's most successful futsal systems.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der Leistung von Golferinnen, der Biomechanik des Schwungs und der Golfausrüstung: Ein auf Einschränkungen basierender Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098276</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098276</guid>
      <author>Legg, L.</author>
      <author>Forrester, S.</author>
      <author>Roberts, J.</author>
      <author>Shepherd, J.</author>
      <author>Mears, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Golf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Legg, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forrester, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roberts, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shepherd, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mears, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A constraints led approach, guided by ecological dynamics, has been implemented in golf to identify biomechanical determinants of golf performance, guide coaching strategies, and to inform equipment design. Previous research has examined the interaction between individual, environmental, and task constraints on the golf swing relative to men golfers. When introducing women golfers to this system, there are inherent changes in individual constraints which should elicit adaptations to environmental, and task constraints. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the role of gender as an individual task constraint influences the environment and task constraints in women's golf performance. A deductive thematic analysis guided by a constraints led approach was conducted from semi-structured interviews with six golfers and nine golf coaches. Intentions, golfer biomechanics, and physical attributes were individual constraints that varied greatly from men golfers and played an influential role in shaping the environment and task constraints. Golfers, and coaches advocated for coaching strategies and golf equipment to be tailored to match the individual constraints of each golfer to afford them the best performance outcome. Yet, these interviews highlight that men-dominated constructs still exist, and more consideration is warranted to afford women better opportunities to be successful.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der sportlichen Leistung in sehr großer Höhe: Eine narrative Übersicht über Vorbereitungsstrategien, gesundheitliche Herausforderungen und praktische Lösungen für Wettkämpfe</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098277</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098277</guid>
      <author>Bhandari, S. S.</author>
      <author>Gatterer, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hypoxie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Höhentraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bhandari, S. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gatterer, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[High-altitude environments present unique physiological challenges for athletes, particularly in endurance sports. This review synthesizes the current literature on acute and chronic adaptations to hypobaric hypoxia, which collectively influence aerobic exercise performance during competitions at very high altitude. The benefits of acclimatization for improving endurance performance are offset by risks, including altitude sickness, sleep disorders, and muscle loss, if the acclimatization strategy is not properly planned. We evaluate different strategies, highlighting their efficacy in optimizing performance while mitigating drawbacks. Nutritional interventions and psychological techniques can also affect the maintenance of physical performance at high altitudes. Despite individual variability in adaptation, gradual ascent and pre-acclimatization emerge as best practices for minimizing health risks and performance loss. The review highlights the need for tailored preparation protocols, particularly for competitions at very high altitudes, and identifies gaps in knowledge regarding preparation strategies and health effects. By integrating insights from physiology, nutrition, and psychology, this review aims to offer recommendations to help athletes and coaches navigate the complexities of adequate preparation for high-altitude sports competitions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Widerstandstraining mit Schwungrad zur Verbesserung der Richtungswechsel: Eine systematische Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098279</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098279</guid>
      <author>Michalak, M. M.</author>
      <author>Ryan, C. M.</author>
      <author>Ehlert, A.</author>
      <author>Cronin, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Schwungrad</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Michalak, M. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ryan, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ehlert, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cronin, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Flywheel resistance training (FRT) is increasingly applied to enhance athletic performance, particularly for change of direction (COD) tasks. Although researchers have reported reductions in COD time after FRT, uncertainty remains regarding how FRT has been implemented and how reported outcomes vary across populations, loading strategies, and task demands. The objective of this article was to systematically review and descriptively synthesize the literature examining the effects of FRT on COD performance. A secondary aim was to contextualize reported COD outcomes after FRT relative to other resistance training modalities, where comparisons were available. This review followed PRISMA guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus) were searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. FRT interventions were generally associated with reductions in COD test times across a range of COD approach angles, athlete populations, and sporting contexts. Reductions in COD time were most common when FRT was implemented once weekly using low-to-moderate inertial loads (0.005-0.05 kg·m2), particularly when exercises emphasized lateral movements. Larger relative reductions in COD time occurred in tasks involving directional changes =90° and in elite athletes. Comparisons with traditional resistance and plyometric training yielded mixed findings, with several studies reporting changes in COD time across modalities. FRT seems to be a viable training stimulus for improving COD performance; however, heterogeneity in protocols, outcome, and risk-of-bias profiles limits definitive conclusions regarding optimal parameters or modality superiority. Findings should therefore be interpreted as descriptive and hypothesis-generating.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Methoden zur Beurteilung von Ermüdung und Leistungsfähigkeit im Verlauf von Wettkämpfen im Kampfsport: Ein kurzer Überblick</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098280</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098280</guid>
      <author>Kons, R. L.</author>
      <author>Saldanha da Silva Athayde, M.</author>
      <author>Till, J. E.</author>
      <author>Cloak, R.</author>
      <author>Detanico, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kampfsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beurteilung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kons, R. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Saldanha da Silva Athayde, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Till, J. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cloak, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Detanico, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Combat sport athletes frequently compete in multiple high-intensity matches within a single day, leading to progressive acute fatigue that compromises neuromuscular and physiological performance. This review aimed to describe the methodological approaches used to assess fatigue and performance during simulated and official combat sport competitions. Simulated match protocols, predominantly applied in grappling disciplines, such as judo, wrestling, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu, enable greater experimental control and facilitate comprehensive physiological and performance monitoring, including physiological markers (e.g., heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and cortisol) and strength and power performance. Conversely, assessments conducted during official competitions are limited by logistical constraints and typically rely on noninvasive or rapid measures, such as handgrip strength, jump tests, heart rate, and subjective ratings. The evidence indicates that simulated environments allow for a broader and more complex range of measurements, while official contexts provide higher ecological validity but reduced methodological control. A synthesis of the literature highlights the importance of selecting assessment strategies according to research goals and competitive context. These perspectives contribute to optimizing training monitoring and fatigue management strategies in combat sports, supporting the integration of reliable physiological and subjective indicators into both experimental and applied performance settings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kraft- und Konditionstraining für Rollstuhlbasketball: Eine narrative Übersichtsarbeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098281</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098281</guid>
      <author>Yang, Y.</author>
      <author>Johnson, Q. R.</author>
      <author>Cabarkapa, D.</author>
      <author>Fry, A. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Parabasketball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, Q. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cabarkapa, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fry, A. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Adaptive sports are for individuals with disabilities, such as spinal cord injuries, with wheelchair basketball (WB) being one of the most popular globally. Although a strength and conditioning program is a fundamental component of athlete development in nondisabled sports, this approach is not as well implemented in WB. Several key components are necessary for strength and conditioning coaches working with WB athletes to improve health and athletic performance. These include the implementation of athlete needs analyses (e.g., energy system, biomechanical, competition demands, health and injury prevention), body composition, nutritional intake analysis, and the management of training loads. The goal of this narrative review was to compile scientific evidence and comprehensive information regarding the critical components that assist coaches in developing training programs for WB athletes. Furthermore, although WB athletes may not be able to utilize strength and conditioning training regimes designed for nondisabled athletes owing to their preexisting conditions, these training regimes (e.g., traditional weight training exercises) can still be implemented with modifications. A well-rounded strength and conditioning program will provide the necessary foundation for WB athletes' need for optimal performance in sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle von Kraft- und Konditionstraining bei der Förderung der sportlichen Leistung, der Verringerung des Verletzungsrisikos und der Verbesserung der Gesundheit: Ein narrativer Meinungsbeitrag</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098282</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098282</guid>
      <author>Bishop, C.</author>
      <author>Chavda, S.</author>
      <author>Turner, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bishop, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chavda, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Turner, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[In high-performance sport settings, multidisciplinary teams operate to provide support for the holistic development of athletic performance qualities, the mitigation of injury risk, and overarching health and well-being of their athletes. Although strength and conditioning is now a well-recognized part of the multidisciplinary team, historically, this profession has been viewed predominantly through a lens of enhancing and optimizing athlete and sporting performance. However, our ability to objectively showcase this sport-specific improvement is more challenging in some sports than others, raising the question of how we objectively quantify our worth and value as both an individual practitioner and profession as a whole. Further to this, although the roles of physical therapists and athletic trainers are typically more aligned to working with injured athletes, there is an emerging scientific evidence base, showcasing the beneficial effects of strength and conditioning training methods (especially strength training) on the reduction of noncontact injuries and in the treatment of chronic medical conditions. Therefore, this brief review offers a narrative, practice-focused opinion addressing some of the ways that strength and conditioning can directly influence sport performance outcomes, but also some of the concurrent challenges that our profession may face, in addition to the impact it may have mitigating injury risk for athlete populations and the benefits toward some chronic medical conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Plyometrie für Ausdauerläufer verstehen und verschreiben: Eine Übersicht</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098284</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098284</guid>
      <author>Wynne, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Langstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>plyometrisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wynne, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Plyometrics are an increasingly popular method of training for athletes that have been well-documented in the literature. Despite the strong evidence-base, many endurance runners do not incorporate this style of training into their training. In addition, practical, in-depth guidelines for prescribing plyometric training in this population group are lacking. This narrative review synthesizes the background on plyometrics, with a particular focus applied to endurance running performance. The literature illustrates the significant potential of plyometric training to enhance endurance running economy and performance. Recommendations and practical advice for prescribing effective plyometric programs in this athletic population are provided. This review aimed to equip coaches, health professionals, and athletes with the requisite knowledge to effectively integrate plyometrics into their routine with the view of enhancing endurance running performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ganzjähriges Trainingsmodell für hochspezialisierte Volleyballspieler, die an Highschool- und Vereinsvolleyball teilnehmen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098285</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098285</guid>
      <author>Biese, K. M.</author>
      <author>O'Leary, D.</author>
      <author>Breunig, O.</author>
      <author>Fregien, A.</author>
      <author>Bunn, J. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Biese, K. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O'Leary, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Breunig, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fregien, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bunn, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The increased practice of sport specialization by young athletes and the plethora of competitive sport opportunities is staggering. Girls' volleyball is a sport that is experiencing high sport specialization rates and is the most popular team sport in the United States. This narrative review explored the literature surrounding girls' volleyball sport specialization, programming, and training load management in context to gathered national data on volleyball matches played throughout a calendar year. The publicly available data were collected from schools and clubs across the United States. These data provided the framework in which principals of programming for the highly specialized volleyball athletes were applied. This process created a macrocycle that starts in July and continues until the following July. This macrocycle includes both the high school and club sports and provides a suggested length and progression of the transition, preparation, precompetition, competitive, and tapering phases of mesocycles. Within each phase, recommended goals are given based on the length and training load intensity of the high school and club volleyball season. Finally, special considerations for programming club volleyball athletes are presented given the length and variability of training load during the club volleyball season for highly specialized volleyball players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Vergleich der MRT-Befunde des Gehirns bei jugendlichen American-Football-Spielern und Sportlern, die kontaktlose Sportarten ausüben</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098291</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098291</guid>
      <author>Ichesco, E. Li, Y.</author>
      <author>Shih, C.-H.</author>
      <author>Ichesco, I.</author>
      <author>Almeida, A.</author>
      <author>Varangis, E.</author>
      <author>Schrepf, A.</author>
      <author>Kaplan, C.</author>
      <author>Popovich, M.</author>
      <author>Peltier, S. J.</author>
      <author>Harris, R. E.</author>
      <author>Lorincz, M. T.</author>
      <author>He, X.</author>
      <author>Eckner, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>MRT</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vergleich</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ichesco, E. Li, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shih, C.-H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichesco, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almeida, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Varangis, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schrepf, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kaplan, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Popovich, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peltier, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harris, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lorincz, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>He, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eckner, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objectives: 

This study aimed to compare brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes between children who play American football versus noncontact sport controls testing the hypotheses that history (primary) and duration (secondary) of football participation would be associated with differences in cortical thickness, subcortical volume, resting-state functional connectivity, and white matter diffusivity.
Methods: 

This secondary analysis of cross-sectional baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study compared brain MRI outcomes between 9- and 10-year-old children who play American football (n = 1194) versus noncontact sport controls (n = 807). Outcomes included 74 bilateral cortical thickness regions; 10 gray matter subcortical volumes, with a priori focus on the hippocampi; resting-state functional connectivity (169 network-network correlations and 247 network-region correlations across 13 resting-state functional networks and 19 regions); and 21 diffusion tensor measures.
Results: 

Football participation was associated with global effects on cortical thickness (P = 0.017), network-to-network resting-state connectivity (P = 0.010), and fiber tract volume (false-discovery rate [FDR]-adjusted P = 0.015) in primary analysis, but the only significant post hoc finding after FDR correction was smaller cortical thickness adjacent to the left anterior transverse collateral sulcus in the football group (Cohen d = -0.258, FDR-adjusted P = 0.017). There were no significant duration of football play effects in secondary analyses (all P > 0.05). Targeted analysis of hippocampal volumes yielded no significant football or duration of play results (both P > 0.05), but suggested a potential trend of lower hippocampal volumes with increasing duration of play.
Conclusions: 

At ages 9-10, participation in American football was associated with minimal differences across a large array of structural, functional, and diffusion tensor MRI outcomes. While the clinical implications of these cross-sectional results are unknown, they merit additional investigation and can contribute to the ongoing discussion surrounding contact sport participation in children.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Auf dem Weg zu einer soliden sportlichen Talentförderung. Das dänische Modell der dualen Karriere</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005740.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098346</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098346</guid>
      <author>Stilling Olesen, J.</author>
      <author>Stausgaard Skrubbeltrang, L.</author>
      <author>Karen, D.</author>
      <author>J. C. Nielsen</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Dänemark</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>duale Karriere</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schule</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Stilling Olesen, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stausgaard Skrubbeltrang, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Karen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>J. C. Nielsen</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Towards Sound Athletic Talent Development addresses a fundamental question in its comprehensive analysis of Denmark`s unique approach to early athletic talent development: How can we develop world-class athletes without compromising their well-being, education, or identity? Central to Denmark`s approach, the book shows, is a commitment to "sound" development, a carefully constructed path that balances the pursuit of elite performance with the broader needs of growing individuals, and a path in which the authors explore in depth in this book.

Grounded in the Danish experience, the book examines how young athletes aged 12-16 navigate the dual demands of sport and school, and how institutions can support them in doing so. Drawing from survey, interview, and observational data, the authors reject the notion that talent is simply innate and instead argue that athletic ability is socially constructed - emerging from relationships with coaches, clubs, schools, and communities. From this premise, they weave an analytically driven narrative that documents on the one hand how these programs within the Danish approach shape not only sporting skills but also identities, values, and social connections. On the other hand, its focus on collaboration, flexibility, and holistic growth compels us to reconsider how talent can be developed in a broad sense.

Ranging from the personal experiences of student-athletes to the national policies that shape their opportunities, the book offers timely research for those interested in the relationship between sport and education and sport and society, and its insights stretch beyond to educators, policymakers, and sports professionals worldwide.

Table of contents:

1. Introduction 2. Talent development and dual career in comparative perspective 3. The Danish dual-career program in comparative perspective 4. Setting up the Danish SportsClasses model 5. Enrolling athletes in the SportsClasses 6. From ordinary class to SportsClass - Dual development tracks en route to the elite 7. Being a talent 8. Staying a talent 9. Who benefits from the SportsClasses? 10. From U15 to U17 in Soccer 11. The role of coaches 12. Keeping the body aligned 13. Keeping the joy aligned 14. The role of families in sound talent development 15. Summary and Conclusion]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistungsbestimmende Faktoren bei Kurzstreckenschwimmern: Einfluss biomechanischer und physiologischer Variablen</title>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Jan 2023 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098253</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098253</guid>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Dissertation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprotokoll</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Dissertation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Competitive swimming pool events can be split-up in the start, the clean swimming, the turn(s), and the finish phases for in-depth analysis. The contribution of each one of these components is crucial in sprint swimming, since a fraction of a percent difference in performance determines whether a swimmer wins or loses a race. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis was to increase the understanding of the biomechanical and physiological variables that influence sprint swimming performance. First, in order to investigate the relationship between tethered forces in a flume and sprint swimming performance, 16 male swimmers performed four 30 s tethered swimming tests in a flume at 0, 0.926, 1.124, and 1.389 m·s-1 water flow speeds and 25, 50, and 100 m front crawl trials. Subsequently, to provide a comprehensive approach between two anaerobic tests, muscle strength, and swimming performance, 14 males and 9 females performed an anaerobic critical velocity test, two 30 s tethered swimming tests in a flume at 0, and 1.124 m·s-1 water flow speeds, five pull-ups and countermovement jumps, and 50 m front crawl. Then, physiological and biomechanical variables were evaluated in 13 males and 8 females before and after a five-weeks off-season period to quantify the effects of detraining on 50 m front crawl. Furthermore, a systematic review was developed to provide an overview of the determinants of undulatory underwater swimming (UUS). Lastly, eight male and six female swimmers performed three countermovement jumps and three maximal UUS trials before and after a five-weeks training period. Swimmers were divided into two different UUS training groups (in-water only vs. in-water combined with conical exercises on land) to analyze the impact of skillspecific training and strength training on UUS performance. The results of the present doctoral thesis showed that tethered swimming variables were correlated with sprint swimming performance. These correlations were stronger as the water flow speed increased. The anaerobic critical velocity was positively correlated with tethered swimming in both conditions and both tests were associated with dry-landbased variables and 50 m swimming performance. The five-weeks training cessation evoked a 50 m performance impairment in both sexes. After the five-weeks, it was observed lower stroke rate and clean swimming speed, higher heart rate, anaerobic metabolic power deterioration (only in males), lower in-water force at zero speed (only in males), and upper and lower body strength impairments in males and females, respectively. The systematic search included a total of 15 articles, which provided a substantial body of research on kicking frequency, vertical toe and body wave velocity, angular velocity of the joints, distance per kick, joint amplitudes and mobility, and body position in UUS performance. The five-weeks training protocol evoked UUS improvements in the combined group (in-water and dry-land exercises), whereas no changes were elicited in the in-water only training group. Collectively, the results of this doctoral thesis suggest that the propulsive force depends on the swimmer`s muscular strength production and the swimmers` ability to effectively apply that force in the water, both of which should be taken into consideration when training and monitoring. Tethered swimming and the anaerobic critical velocity might be used as interchangeable tools for evaluating anaerobic performance. Coaches should find alternatives to minimize the detraining effects prompted during the offseason. Moreover, this doctoral thesis suggests that caudal momentum transfer as well as vertical toe velocity should be maximized to improve UUS performance, taking into account individual characteristics. Furthermore, specific lower limbs strength exercises in conjunction with in-water training should be performed to improve UUS performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss des biologischen Reifegrades auf den deutschen Talentförderungsweg im Jugend-Spitzenfußball: Einblicke in Auswahlverzerrungen, Unterschiede bei den Spielpositionen und die Mannschaftsleistung bei nationalen Auswahlturnieren</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098254</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098254</guid>
      <author>Leyhr, D.</author>
      <author>Murr, D.</author>
      <author>Hirte, M.</author>
      <author>Höner, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Deutschland</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leyhr, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Murr, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hirte, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Höner, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Differences in biological maturity status (BMS) during puberty may advantage biologically older players within selection processes. This study examined maturity-related differences across multi-stage selection procedures, playing positions, and the relationship between BMS and team performance within the German Football Association`s U15 national selection tournaments. Anthropometric measurements were collected from N = 695 male regional association team players (M = 14.1 ± 0.3 years), and BMS was assessed via skeletal age using the BAUSport™ ultrasound device. When compared to players` expected BMS, a significant large pre-selection bias was observed favouring players with higher BMS to get selected for a regional association team (M = 15.1 ± 1.0, d = 1.19, p < .001). Positional analyses revealed significant differences in BMS (n2 = .14, p < .001) with goalkeepers, defenders, and forwards being biologically older than midfielders. Team performance (points achieved) showed a strong positive correlation with BMS (rs = .71, p < .001). Significant small advantages in maturity-related variables were found for players selected for the extended U15 youth national team squad (0.17 = d = 0.23; p < .05). Position-specific analysis of selection status revealed medium-to-large effects in forwards and goalkeepers with respect to BMS. The findings highlight the critical influence of BMS in multi-stage selection processes and underscore the need for position-specific considerations to ensure fair and developmentally appropriate talent promotion.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wissenschaft oder Hype? Nichtinvasive Hirnstimulation und sportspezifische Leistung: Erkenntnisse aus einer systematischen Übersichtsarbeit und einer dreistufigen Metaanalyse</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098255</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098255</guid>
      <author>Wang, Q.</author>
      <author>Zhong, J.</author>
      <author>Bao, H.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stimulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhong, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bao, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Enhancing athletic performance is a core objective in competitive sports. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), a set of neuromodulatory techniques, aims to modulate cortical excitability and thereby influence motor and cognitive functions. Despite its commercial appeal and growing application in sports contexts, the empirical evidence supporting its efficacy remains inconclusive. A three-level meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of NIBS on sport-specific performance and to identify potential moderating factors. The present study included 25 eligible studies and 64 independent effect sizes. Notably, all included studies employed transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The meta-analysis revealed a small but significant overall effect of tDCS on sport-specific performance (Hedges` g = 0.35, p < .01), with considerable heterogeneity across studies (I² = 59.13%). tDCS appeared more effective for open-skill sports (g = 0.63, p < .01) and yielded benefits when targeting motor executive regions (g = 0.56, p < .01). The overall quality of evidence was rated as low. Therefore, while the findings suggest that tDCS may enhance certain aspects of sport-specific performance, the evidence base for NIBS as a whole remains preliminary and methodologically limited. Consequently, the purported performance benefits of NIBS should be interpreted with caution by both researchers and practitioners.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Wie wettbewerbsorientierte Umfelder die Karriereentwicklung im Jugendfußball prägen: Kontextabhängiger Einfluss der geografischen Nähe zu U19-Bundesligamannschaften und Profivereinen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098256</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098256</guid>
      <author>Simonn, F. C.</author>
      <author>Nasser, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Simonn, F. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nasser, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Adopting an ecological perspective that considers geospatial competition as a central contextual factor in talent development, this study investigates how proximity to other elite U19 teams and professional clubs relates to the transition of German youth football players to the professional level. Utilizing data from 1411 players who accumulated substantial playing time in the A-Junioren Bundesliga, we applied mixed-effects logistic regression models to analyse whether (a) the average distance to other U19 Bundesliga teams and (b) the distance to the nearest Bundesliga or 2. Bundesliga club serve as predictors for professional debuts within three seasons after the U19 career period. Our results indicate that, for players from top-tier clubs, shorter distances to U19 teams are associated with a higher likelihood of debuting in the Bundesliga, while greater proximity to Bundesliga or 2. Bundesliga clubs isassociated with a lower likelihood of such debuts. Conversely, for players from lower-tier clubs, greater geographical remoteness from U19 competitors and closer proximity to a Bundesliga or 2. Bundesliga are associated with higher odds of progressing to the 2. Bundesliga. These findings suggest that club officials should consider regional competitive context in recruitment, and encourage researchers to further examine geospatial influences on talent development pathways.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eine explorative Studie zu Tempo und Bewegungsbahnen im Freiwasserschwimmen auf Elite-Niveau unter Verwendung von GPS und der Modellierung kritischer Geschwindigkeiten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098257</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098257</guid>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bouvet, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freiwasserschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>GPS</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Profiling</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bouvet, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study explores the use of GPS tracking to analyse pacing and trajectory patterns continuously throughout a 10-km open-water race. Five elite or world-class swimmers were monitored during the French National Championships using a global navigation satellite system device recording 1 Hz position data to assess latitude-longitude time series, distance, and modelled instantaneous swimming speed via locally estimated scatterplot smoothing. Based on individual critical velocity (CV), time and distance spent in four intensity zones ( <98%CV, 98-100%CV, 100-102%CV, >102%CV) were calculated. Substantial intra- and inter-individual variability in pacing intensity and race trajectories were highlighted over the race. Swimmers covered a median of 10,262 m[10259- 10,268], spending 619 m[593-632] >CV and 8585 m[8346-9183] <98%CV. Marked differences in pacing regulations were observed, with the race winner delaying high-intensity efforts until the end-spurt and managing intra-lap periodic accelerations around buoys and feeding stations while remaining <98%CV. Conversely, early and sustained periods >CV could be associated with poorer outcomes. Beyond traditional split-time analysis, combining high-resolution GPS devices with CV modelling enabled spatiotemporal profiling of race dynamics and individual behaviour, offering novel tactical insights into pivotal race moments, drafting use and related trajectory selection. Although exploratory, this proof-of-concept supports advanced performance analysis in open-water elite swimming.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vollspieläquivalente und Ballbesitzanforderungen im Frauen-Rugby Union: Ein bayessches Mehrebenen-Regressionsmodell</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098258</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098258</guid>
      <author>Bolger, C.</author>
      <author>Pyne, D. B.</author>
      <author>McKune, A. J.</author>
      <author>Mara, J.ORCID Icon</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rugby</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Ballbesitz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bolger, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pyne, D. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>McKune, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mara, J.ORCID Icon</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Given the varying minutes of playing time among players, new analytical approaches are required to quantify full-match (rather than partial match) and ball-in-play (BiP) demands in rugby union. A two-year prospective, longitudinal study was conducted on a single Australian Super Rugby Women`s rugby union team (n = 41 players, 10 matches). GPS-derived metrics (total distance, acceleration load, high-speed running, high-metabolic load distance, acceleration count) and video-coded contact events (tackles, ball-carries, attackers/latches, collisions), total breakdown involvements, scrums, and mauls were modelled using Bayesian multilevel regression modelling. Bayesian models explained 90-98% of data variance (Bayesian R2 : 0.904-0.988) for continuous metrics and 73-92% for count-based metrics (Bayesian R2 : 0.732-0.923). The models demonstrated excellent predictive performance for continuous metrics (Pearson r2 : 0.923-0.990) and good-to-excellent performance for count-based metrics (Pearson r2 : 0.766-0.943). Resulting position-specific full-match reference values for running and contact demands were similar to, or higher than, previous domestic reports. Overall, Bayesian multilevel regression modelling provided robust estimates of full match-play demands and a practical tool to derive position-specific reference values, address data incompleteness, impute missing GPS or contact data, and manage small sample sizes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Welche Anforderungen stellt der Volleyball-Spielbetrieb? Eine systematische Übersicht über die auftretenden externen und internen Belastungen in Abhängigkeit von der Spielposition, der Anzahl der Sätze und dem Geschlecht der Spieler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098259</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098259</guid>
      <author>Rebelo, A.</author>
      <author>Stojanovic, E.</author>
      <author>Martinho, D. V.</author>
      <author>Pérez-López, A.</author>
      <author>López-Samanes, Á.</author>
      <author>Scanlan, A: T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>internal load</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>external load</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rebelo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stojanovic, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martinho, D. V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pérez-López, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>López-Samanes, Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scanlan, A: T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although volleyball is widely practiced and researched around the world, no research has performed the fundamental initial step of consolidating findings regarding match-play demands in the sport. Consequently, this systematic review synthesized the available evidence on the external and internal loads experienced by volleyball players during match-play. Studies were included if they reported external and/or internal load data during indoor volleyball match-play for players of any age, sex, or competitive level. PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched on July 7, 2025, with the methodological quality of included studies assessed using the Observational Study Quality Evaluation tool. Twenty-eight studies were included. Setters performed the greatest jump volumes, while middle blockers and outside/opposite hitters performed the most high jumps (>50 cm). Internal load also varied by position, with middle blockers, liberos, and setters typically reporting the highest perceived exertion (˜5.3 to 7.7 AU across the number of sets played). Females performed more jumps but at lower heights and generally reported higher internal loads than males. This review provides a foundational reference concerning volleyball match loads to guide player monitoring, training, and recovery strategies, while also generating useful recommendations for future research.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intelligente Schwimmbrillen messen die Herzfrequenz während des Schwimmtrainings präzise: Eine Kriteriumsvalidierungsstudie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098260</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098260</guid>
      <author>Kits, A.</author>
      <author>Elder, N. C.</author>
      <author>Eisenhardt, D.</author>
      <author>Hamedani, Y. D.</author>
      <author>Hoskinson, R.</author>
      <author>Madeleine, P.</author>
      <author>Samani, A.</author>
      <author>Kristiansen, M.</author>
      <author>Clarke, D. C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mess- und Informationssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herzfrequenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kits, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Elder, N. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eisenhardt, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hamedani, Y. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoskinson, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Madeleine, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Samani, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kristiansen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clarke, D. C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Accurately measuring training intensity in swimming remains a challenge due to the limited availability of scientifically validated monitoring devices. The measurement of heart rate (HR), for example, would enable the calculation of HR-based training loads. The FORM Smart Swim 2 goggles measure HR via a temple-mounted optical sensor and enable real-time HR feedback. However, the goggles` HR measurement function has yet to be validated. Twenty-five experienced recreational swimmers simultaneously wore the goggles and a criterion chest-strap (Garmin HRM-Swim) during the completion of an assigned workout. Agreement was assessed at four levels of data aggregation: individual data points, intervals, main-sets, and whole-workouts. Respective mean HR (HRmean) from the goggles and criterion chest-strap were 136 ± 17 bpm and 135 ± 18 bpm (mean absolute percentage error = 1.0 ± 1.2%). For HRmean, concordance correlation was high (intervals: 0.91, 95%CI: 0.87 to 0.94; whole-workouts: 0.99, 95%CI: 0.99 to 1.0), and fixed bias was low (intervals: -0.23 bpm, 95%CI: -1.2 to 0.78 bpm; whole-workouts: -0.24 bpm; 95%CI: -0.94 to 0.46 bpm). Strong agreement was observed between the goggles and criterion chest-strap for HR measurements, particularly for HRmean. Since HRmean serves as the primary input for HR-based training load metrics, the goggles provide valid data for monitoring swim training.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Geben und Nehmen sozialer Unterstützung im Werdegang von Profisportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098263</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098263</guid>
      <author>Thomas, P. G.</author>
      <author>Walter, S.</author>
      <author>Lucas, P.</author>
      <author>Oldham, A. R. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Thomas, P. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Walter, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lucas, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oldham, A. R. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This article explores the dynamics of social support in emerging professional athlete career transitions. Drawing on a pragmatic research paradigm and using qualitative, instrumental multi-case methodology, the article investigates how social support shapes athlete experiences. Through in-depth accounts and reflexive thematic analysis across four cases: Boxing, Rugby League, Basketball pathways, and an independent practitioner case, the article examines the realities faced by athletes, including those who migrate internationally. Central to the inquiry are questions about the attributes that facilitate or hinder dyadic support relationships, and how practical organisational and relational support can foster both personal and athletic development in and beyond sport. By integrating existential perspectives, particularly concepts of isolation, authenticity and meaning, the research findings highlight the tension athletes, parents, coaches, and practitioners experience when bending to institutional roles and external pressures. Findings reveal that the most impactful support relationships are found not in the fulfilment of transitory or functional roles, but in connection and authenticity through genuine care, trust, presence, mutual benefit, and recognition of each other`s needs. The article positions anxiety as an everyday concern in an athlete`s life. As such, the support-provider`s responsibility is to guide emerging athletes through struggles with truth and transparency, strengthening their autonomy, skills, and resilience to thrive in sport and life. This article proposes targeted recommendations relating to developmental support environments offering insights for sports personnel and athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der kognitiven Belastung auf die Biomechanik der unteren Extremitäten während der Absprungphase vor dem Aufschlag bei Tennisspielern unterschiedlicher Spielstärken</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098266</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098266</guid>
      <author>Xuan, B.</author>
      <author>Sun, D.</author>
      <author>Li, F.</author>
      <author>Cen, X.</author>
      <author>Wang, Y.</author>
      <author>Wang, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auftakt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Absprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Xuan, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sun, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cen, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wang, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examines the impact of cognitive load (CL) on lower limb biomechanics during the take-off preparation phase of the platform serve in tennis players of varying skill levels. Fifteen elite and fifteen amateur tennis players performed platform serves before and after completing a 30-minute Stroop task designed to induce CL. Key biomechanical parameters, including joint range of motion (ROM), joint moments, centre of mass (COM) displacement, and ground reaction force (GRF), were assessed using both kinematic and kinetic analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Risiko für Essstörungen, dem Leistungsniveau und der Sportart im Jugendalter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098267</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098267</guid>
      <author>Sitko, S.</author>
      <author>Oviedo-Caro, M. Á.</author>
      <author>Mayolas-Pi, C.</author>
      <author>Pano-Rodriguez, A.</author>
      <author>Munguía-Izquierdo, D.</author>
      <author>Moliner-Urdiales, D.</author>
      <author>Reverter-Masia, J.</author>
      <author>Legaz-Arrese, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sitko, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oviedo-Caro, M. Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mayolas-Pi, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pano-Rodriguez, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Munguía-Izquierdo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moliner-Urdiales, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Reverter-Masia, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Legaz-Arrese, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examines the risk of eating disorders and psychological maladjustment among adolescent athletes, focusing on gender differences, age effects, and sports participation. A total of 9171 participants aged 11-19 from various performance levels were included in this cross-sectional investigation. Girls showed higher risks of eating disorders and psychological maladjustment than boys, with discrepancies increasing at higher competition levels. All eating disorder domains worsened with age and maturation among girls, while boys showed no significant changes. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung der Biomechanik beim Rudern im Einer unter Verwendung funktionaler Clusterbildung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098268</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098268</guid>
      <author>Legge, N.</author>
      <author>Draper, C.</author>
      <author>O`Meara, D.</author>
      <author>Watsford, M.</author>
      <author>Slattery, K.</author>
      <author>Warmenhoven, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Clusteranalyse</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Legge, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Draper, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>O`Meara, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Watsford, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Slattery, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Warmenhoven, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Rowing technique to achieve optimal boat velocity depends on individual rowing style. Traditionally, quantification of rowing technique has involved discrete point analysis, limiting the understanding and interpretation of the stroke cycle with data loss occurring between the reported metrics. However, higher dimensional statistical approaches, such as functional data analysis (FDA), can facilitate enhanced understandings of temporal patterns within time series data such as force and acceleration profiles. The aim of the study was to distinguish technique characteristics during single sculling using a novel functional clustering method considering the whole stroke cycle for analysis. Twenty-five elite rowers (12 females, 25 ± 2.5 years and 13 males, 27 ± 2.8 years) completed an on-water single sculling biomechanics assessment. Gate force, foot-stretcher force and boat acceleration were independently fitted with a clustering model, with separate models created for each gender. Boat acceleration exhibited the most variability of the three independent variables in cluster group patterns and individual rowers. Results revealed more than one approach to achieving optimal boat velocity at the elite level and technical coaching strategies should be based on the individual rather than attempting to replicate successful elite rowers` technique who may exhibit a different set of physical and technical attributes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Olympiamedaillen zu gewinnen ist wichtig, aber noch wichtiger ist, wie Kanada sie gewinnt</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098330</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098330</guid>
      <author>Monton, K.</author>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kanada</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Organisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Monton, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[For years, high-performance sport in Canada has been shaped by a simple equation: win, or risk losing funding. That pressure has too often produced environments marked by fear, burnout, and silence, with devastating consequences for athlete well-being. Recent reckonings across Canadian sport have made one thing clear: performance at any cost is not just harmful, it`s unsustainable.
Yet new research suggests there is another way.
In a recently published qualitative case study of Speed Skating Canada, the country`s most decorated Olympic sport, my colleagues and I examined the organizational practices behind its sustained international success. Drawing on interviews and focus groups with athletes, coaches, staff, and leadership, we found a high-performance system that has intentionally aligned excellence with care, and results with respect.
This matters, not because Speed Skating Canada is perfect, but because it operates under the same conditions as every other national sport organization: performance-contingent funding, limited resources, and relentless pressure to deliver medals. What distinguishes it is not privilege,but choice]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das Routledge Handbuch der Trainerentwicklung im Sport</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005734.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 2024 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098323</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098323</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kenntnisvermittlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>international</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Theorie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methodologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The Routledge Handbook of Coach Development in Sport is a comprehensive text that underscores the importance of learning and context for those who sculpt the environment in which people of all ages develop in and through sport.

Coaches and those responsible for the development of coaches are best positioned as both learners and facilitators of learning. As sport becomes more globalised, the concomitant professionalisation of coaches necessitates ongoing learning and development to embrace new knowledge and understanding. Moreover, contemporary coach development presents as a wicked problem, in that it continues to evolve, it is contextually bound, and there is no single or obvious way to approach it. Problematically, there is often limited assistance available to support coaches and coach developers in their ongoing development. As such, this book provides a truly international reference point that brings together leading scholars and practitioners from across the globe to provide an overview of the theories and practices of coaches and coach developers that are impacting the quality of sporting environments.

Therefore, this book is an important reference for researchers, scholars, and practitioners alike in the fields of Sport Coaching, Coach Development, Sport Development, Sport for Development, Physical Education and related disciplines.

Table of contents:

Part I: Coach Development Globally
1. Foundations and Evolution of Coach Development
2. Coach Development in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Evolutions and Current Directions
3. Coach Education and Development Systems in Asia
4. Coach Development across North America
5. The Richness, Diversity and Inequality of Coach Development in South America
6. This Ship is Going to be Wicked Hard to Steer: Coach Development in Europe
7. Coach Development in Africa
Part II: Theorising and Research Informing Coach Development
8. Sport as a Learning Setting
9. Introducing Coach Learners to Behaviourist Coaching Principles: Critical Reflections on Coach Educator Practice
10. Internal Processes and Cognitive Approaches to Coach Learning and Development
11. 'Becoming and Being' a Contemporary Coach Through the Framework of Ecological Dynamics.
12. Learning as a Social Enterprise: Wenger-Trayner's Social Learning Theory in Coach Development
Part III: Perspectives on Coach Development in Action
13. Quality in (Performance) Coach Development
14. Coach Development Curriculum
15. Coach Development Pedagogy
16. Assessment in Coach Education
17. Coach Development in a Rugby Union Context (New Zealand)
18. Football Coaching, the Portuguese way: The Ecology of Practice as the Referent for Evidence-based Coach Education
19. Coach Development in an Ice Hockey Context
20. Coach Development in World Athletics
21. Coach Development in a Basketball Context: Identification and Development of Youth Performance Coaches in Spain.
22. Developing Coach Developers in and for Performance Development and High-Performance Sport
Part IV: Critical Issues in Coach Development  
23. Global Coach Development in a Knowledge Society: Critical Issues
24. Coaching's Urgent Need: Addressing Coaches' Abuse of Their Power
25. Advancing Diversity and Inclusion in Coach Development
26. What Forms of Learning in Sport Coaching are Valued, Valuable, or 'Rubbish'?
27. Challenging the Norm: Sporting Megatrends and their Implications for Athlete Learning and Coach Development
28. High Performance Coach Development: A Wicked Problem]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Leistungsbewertung im Kraft- und Konditionstraining </title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005735.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098324</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098324</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fehler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnellkraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Richtungswechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>isometrisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>dynamisch</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning provides an indicative guide regarding the most appropriate and reliable methods of assessing and monitoring athletic performance in athletes. This new and fully revised second edition explores the full range of considerations required to reliably assess performance, including questions of ethics and safety, reliability and validity and standardised testing, before going on to recommend (through a comparison of field- and laboratory-based techniques) the optimal methods for testing all aspects of physical performance.

The book delivers a concise review of the existing literature related to the primary topic, followed by practical applications and guidelines for the standardisation of appropriate testing procedures and protocols for each type of testing. Additionally, a discussion of the key variables (e.g., specific force-time characteristics) for the tests is explored in relation to benchmarking, longitudinal monitoring, fatigue monitoring and injury risk, as appropriate for each test. Closing with a section on interpreting, presenting and applying results to practice, and illustrated with real-life case study data throughout, Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning offers the most useful guide to monitoring athlete performance available.

This book is an essential text for upper-level strength and conditioning students and practitioners alike as well as all individuals involved in training athletes and researchers in the field of sports science.

Table of contents:

1. Ethical and Health and Safety Considerations
2. Psychological Issues of Testing
3. Measurement Error, Reliability, and Validity
4. Standardisation of Testing
5. Structured Testing vs. Continual Monitoring
6. Movement Screening and Injury Risk
7. Single-Joint Isometric Strength
8. Hamstring Function: Assessing Structure and Strength
9. Countermovement Jump Testing
10. Sprints
11. Assessment of Change of Direction and Agility
12. Multi-Joint Strength - Isometric and Dynamic Testing
13. Aerobic Performance Assessment
14. Body Composition
15. Interpretation of Results
16. Presentation and Communication of Results
17. Application to Training]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>39. &amp; 40. Internationales Triathlon-Symposium. Münster 2024 / Leipzig 2025</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005736.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098325</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098325</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tagung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2024</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2025</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der 31. Band unserer Schriftenreihe enthält die Vorträge des 39. Triathlon-Symposiums 2024 in Münster sowie die Vorträge des 40. Triathlon-Symposiums 2025 in Leipzig. Aus dem Inhalt:

40 Jahre Triathlon-Verein Deutsche Ärzte und Apotheker: Bedeutung des Vereins für die Entwicklung des Triathlonsports in Deutschland
Schwimmen in der Seine - Professionelle Vorbereitung auf die Olympischen Spiele 2024
FES TriSwim - Neue Einblicke im Triathlon: Geschwindigkeitsverläufe und Taktiken im Schwimmen
Entwicklung eines videogestützten Analysesystems zur Objektivierung der Freiwasserleistung im Triathlon mit der Möglichkeit der Gegneranalyse - Eine Machbarkeitsstudie
Coaching in der Trainerausbildung und Athletenbetreuung der DTU-Nationalmannschaft
Empirie und Intuition im Leistungssport: Trainingsplanung, Erfahrungswissen und Erkenntnis in einer angewandten Wissenschaft
Concurrent Training im Triathlon
Grenzen und Risiken der Belastbarkeit körpereigener Funktionssysteme durch Extremsport
Gesundheitsmonitoring im Spitzensport: Einsatz und Perspektiven onlinebasierter Methoden am Beispiel Biathlon und Skilanglauf
Der Einfluss von Ernährung und sportlicher Aktivität auf das persönliche Wohlergehen und die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit
Rote Beete
Troponinwerterhöhung im Leistungssport - Ursachen, Relevanz und Konsequenzen
Eisenmangel im Sport - Diagnose, Therapie und Auswirkungen auf die Leistungsfähigkeit
Schulterverletzungen im Triathlonsport
Lumbale Rückenschmerzen im Triathlon: Prävalenz, Risikofaktoren und präventive Strategien
Höchstleistungen im Seniorensport ]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Aufstiegscode. Dein Weg vom Trainer zur Führungspersönlichkeit im Sport</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005737.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098326</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098326</guid>
      <author>Bornhäusser, A.</author>
      <author>Scheffer, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Persönlichkeitsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beruf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leitung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bornhäusser, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scheffer, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Jede Trainerkarriere beginnt mit Leidenschaft - aber sie entscheidet durch Wirkung. Viele Trainer kennen diese Momente: Man erklärt, zeigt, korrigiert … und doch erreicht man sein Team nicht. Andere wirken mühelos, schaffen Vertrauen, führen in schwierigen Situationen und entwickeln Spieler, Teams und Karrieren.

Warum ist das so?

Dieses Buch zeigt, was lange fehlte: ein präziser Blick auf Wahrnehmung, Verhalten und Wirkung - die drei Kräfte, die über Erfolg im Sport entscheiden. Mit dem SCIL Profile wird erstmals sichtbar, wie Trainer wirklich wirken, warum Athleten unterschiedlich reagieren und wie Teams funktionieren, wenn alle Frequenzen zusammenspielen.

Von der ersten Kinderlizenz bis zur Profilizenz. Vom Ehrenamtstrainer am Spielfeldrand bis zum Trainer an der Seitenlinie des Profifußballs. Von der Talentförderung im NLZ bis zur Führung unter Hochleistungsdruck. Dieses Buch nimmt Trainer mit auf eine Reise der Selbstentwicklung - praxisnah, ehrlich, inspirierend. Es richtet sich an alle, die im Sport nicht nur arbeiten, sondern wirken wollen. Klappentext]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Athletiktraining im American Football</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005738.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098327</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098327</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übungszusammenstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA["In meiner mehr als 30-jährigen Tätigkeit als Trainer in der NFL habe ich es mir zur Aufgabe gemacht, mich über die neuesten Entwicklungen in meinem Beruf auf dem Laufenden zu halten. Athletiktraining im American Football liefert Ihnen die wesentlichen Grundlagen, damit Sie ebenfalls auf dem neusten Stand bleiben und gleichzeitig ein großartiges Trainingsprogramm aufbauen können. In diesem Buch finden Sie alle nötigen Übungen und Trainingsmethoden, um die Leistung Ihrer Athleten zu verbessern."
Steve Watterson, ehemaliger Kraft- und Konditionstrainer der Tennessee Titans Football

"Die Bemühungen der NSCA haben zu einer Verbesserung der Leistungen von Athleten und Footballspielern geführt. Ein Blick auf Athletiktraining im American Football macht dies deutlich. Hier finden Sie die neuesten Erkenntnisse aus Wissenschaft, Forschung und Trainingsplanung, die Sie benötigen, um die stärksten Spieler auf dem Feld auszubilden."
Chris Snee, New York Giants Offensive Lineman (2004-2014), zweimaliger Super Bowl Champion

"Athletiktraining im American Football ist das umfassende Trainingshandbuch für diesen Sport. Die Autoren bieten hervorragende Einblicke und Trainingsvorlagen für jede Position und jede Phase des Spiels."
Kevin Yoxall, CSCS, MSCC, Leiter des Kraft- und Konditionstrainings an der Midway High School in Waco, Texas

Mit dem Fachwissen der National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) entwickelt, zeigt Ihnen Athletiktraining im American Football, wie Sie Krafttrainingsprogramme für sechs Positionsgruppen entwerfen können - Offensive und Defensive Linemen; Tight Ends, Fullbacks sowie Linebacker; Wide Receiver und Running Backs; Defensive Backs; Quarterbacks; Kicker und Punter.

Außerdem finden Sie Folgendes:
» 11 Testprotokolle zur Messung und Bewertung von Athleten
» 11 Ganzkörperübungen mit 14 Variationen
» 20 Unterkörperübungen mit 13 Variationen
» 23 Oberkörperübungen mit 29 Variationen
» 15 Übungen für die Körpermitte mit 35 Variationen
» 115 Musterprogramme - davon 90 positionsspezifisch - für das Krafttraining in der Nebensaison, Vorsaison, Saison und Nachsaison

Unterstützt von der NSCA und erfolgreichen Kraft- und Konditionstrainern aus Highschool-, College- und Profifootball ist Athletiktraining im American Football der maßgebliche Leitfaden für die Erstellung footballspezifischer Krafttrainingsprogramme.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Athletiktraining im Fußball</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005739.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098328</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098328</guid>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schnelligkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übungszusammenstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA["In Athletiktraining im Fußball legen führende Experten auf diesem Gebiet einen holistischen Plan für ein ganzjähriges, fußballspezifisches Krafttraining vor. Es ist ein unverzichtbares Hilfsmittel für jeden Athletiktrainer im Fußball!"
Kelly Dormandy, MEd, CSCS, USAW1, PN1
Direktor für Sport Performance im Frauenfußball der University of Georgia

"Athletiktraining im Fußball bietet wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und praktische Methoden zum Testen, Entwickeln und Verbessern der Kraft - einem grundlegenden Aspekt der sportlichen Leistung -, um den Anforderungen dieses Sports gerecht zu werden."
Carwyn Sharp, PhD, CSCS
Direktor für Human Performance bei AS Roma in Italien

"Athletiktraining im Fußball hilft dabei, grundlegende und wichtige Konzepte aufzuzeigen, die jeder Krafttrainer, Leistungstrainer oder Sportwissenschaftler jederzeit genau verstehen sollte."
Adam C. Parr, MS, CSCS
Performance-Spezialist für Charlotte FC und Sportwissenschaftler für U.S. Soccer

Athletiktraining im Fußball wurde mit dem Fachwissen der National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) entwickelt und erklärt den Wert des Widerstandstrainings für Fußballspieler. Das Buch, das sich auf praktische Erfahrungen, evidenzbasierte Trainingsmethoden und Forschungsergebnisse stützt, bietet eine allgemeine, übergreifende biomechanische Analyse des Fußballs sowie eine spezifische Analyse der körperlichen Anforderung für die einzelnen Positionen Torhüter, Verteidiger, Mittelfeldspieler und Stürmer. Anhand dieser Analysen können Sie ein effektives Trainingsprogramm entwerfen, das zu einer besseren Leistung auf dem Spielfeld führt.
Das Buch bietet außerdem Folgendes:

» 10 detaillierte Protokolle zum Testen der Kraft, Leistung, Schnelligkeit, Beweglichkeit und hochintensiven aeroben Ausdauerfähigkeit von Fußballspielern
» 6 ganzkörperliche Widerstandsübungen mit 4 Variationen
» 11 Unterkörperübungen mit 23 Variationen
» 18 Oberkörperübungen mit 44 Variationen
» 22 anatomische Kernübungen mit 32 Variationen
» 27 Beispielprogramme für das Widerstandstraining außerhalb der Saison, vor der Saison, während der Saison und nach der Saison.

Unterstützt von der NSCA und dem Wissen und der Erfahrung von Personen, die über jahrelange Erfahrung als Kraft- und Konditionsexperten für den Fußball verfügen, ist Athletiktraining im Fußball die maßgebliche Ressource für die Erstellung fußballspezifischer Widerstandstrainingsprogramme, die Ihren Sportlern helfen, ihre Kraft zu optimieren und diese Kraft und Leistung erfolgreich auf das Fußballfeld zu übertragen.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Die Komplexität der Leistung im Basketball: Quantifizierung der unabhängigen Auswirkungen von Spielbelastung, technisch-taktischen Ansätzen und kontextuellen Faktoren auf die Leistung der Spieler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098233</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098233</guid>
      <author>Zhang, S.</author>
      <author>Li, M.</author>
      <author>Sansone, P.</author>
      <author>Gómez, M. Á.</author>
      <author>Garcia, F.</author>
      <author>Calvo, A. L.</author>
      <author>Scanlan, A. T.</author>
      <author>Gonçalves, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>RPE</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Li, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sansone, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gómez, M. Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Garcia, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Calvo, A. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Scanlan, A. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gonçalves, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study aimed to examine effects of game load metrics, technical-tactical approaches, and contextual factors on game performance indicators in male professional basketball players.

Methods: Data were collected across 26 official games from a single basketball team competing in a professional men`s basketball competition. Game load metrics (rating of perceived exertion, PlayerLoad, accelerations, decelerations, jumps, and changes-of-direction); technical-tactical approaches (closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector centrality); and contextual factors (score differential and opponent level) were inputted into separate linear mixed-effects models to evaluate their relationships with 6 different game performance indicators including score, performance index rating, player total contribution, player impact estimate, game score, and efficiency (EFF).

Results: Regarding load metrics, rating of perceived exertion was positively associated with all performance indicators (ß = 0.449-0.697, P < .001), while high-intensity jumps were positively associated with player total contribution (ß = 0.184, P = .003), player impact estimate (ß = 0.322, P = .002), performance index rating (ß = 0.241, P < .001), and EFF (ß = 0.150, P = .007). For technical-tactical approaches, closeness centrality was positively associated with EFF (ß = 0.411, P = .012). For contextual factors, greater score differential was associated with higher player total contribution (ß = 0.206, P = .038), player impact estimate (ß = 0.416, P = .033), performance index rating (ß = 0.262, P = .003), and EFF (ß = 0.225, P = .011).

Conclusion: Rating of perceived exertion and high-intensity jumping loads may be key factors to prioritize in preparing and monitoring players. Given player performance was influenced by score differential but not opponent level, players were able to sustain consistent performance outputs regardless of opponent strength.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Griffkraft bei jungen Tennisspielern: Normwerte und Leistungsprädiktoren </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098234</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098234</guid>
      <author>Novak, D.</author>
      <author>Viboh, V.</author>
      <author>Barbaros, P.</author>
      <author>Bilic, Z.</author>
      <author>Markovic, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kind</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Auswahl</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Griffkraft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Novak, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Viboh, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barbaros, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bilic, Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Markovic, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The objectives were to (a) establish normative grip strength values in young tennis players; (b) examine developmental changes across 4 adolescent age groups and sexes, controlling for maturity and body size; (c) assess the association between body size and grip strength independent of age and maturity; (d) evaluate grip strength`s ability to distinguish successful from less-successful players, independent of age, maturity, and body size; and (e) compare dominant and nondominant hands to identify tennis-related lateral differences.

Methods: Two hundred and fourteen competitive tennis players (ages 9-18; both sexes) underwent standardized assessment of dominant- and nondominant handgrip strength with a dynamometer. Body mass and height were measured with a medical scale and stadiometer. Age, sex, and competitive level were recorded, and maturity status was estimated. Associations and group differences were analyzed using analysis of covariance and multiple regression.

Results: Body mass was the only independent predictor of grip strength in both hands (P < .01), explaining 67% to 80% of the variance after adjusting for age and maturity status. Height was not significant once covariates were controlled. No differences in grip strength were observed between high- and low-achieving players after adjustment. Across the entire sample, dominant handgrip strength was greater than nondominant hand strength (P < .001).

Conclusion: In youth tennis players, handgrip strength is strongly related to overall body mass but not to competitive success when age and maturation are taken into account. Dominant-hand superiority is a consistent, sport-specific adaptation. The normative values presented can guide monitoring and training of developing tennis athletes.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Zuverlässigkeit von Krafttests an den unteren Extremitäten in Abhängigkeit vom Reifegrad bei jungen männlichen Elite-Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098235</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098235</guid>
      <author>Violin, M.</author>
      <author>Abaïdia, A. E.</author>
      <author>Barthélémy, B.</author>
      <author>Ravé, G.</author>
      <author>Blazevich, A. J.</author>
      <author>Ratel, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Reife</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Violin, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abaïdia, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barthélémy, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ravé, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blazevich, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ratel, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Lower-limb strength assessment is essential for talent identification, training program design, and return-to-play decisions. However, the influence of biological maturity on test reliability remains unclear, particularly in prepubertal players whose motor coordination is still developing. This study examined the test-retest reliability of dominant-limb abduction, adduction, and anterior and posterior chain tests in elite youth football players, and compared reliability across maturity stages and movement types.

Methods: Seventy academy players were divided into 3 groups: 24 prepubertal, 18 pubertal, and 28 postpubertal. Following at least 2 familiarization sessions, players performed 5 maximal isometric strength tests on 2 occasions 1 week apart. The coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for each test, and statistical comparisons between maturity groups were performed using the Modified Signed-Likelihood Ratio Test (for CVs) and Fisher Z transformation (for ICCs).

Results: Most tests demonstrated good to excellent reliability across all maturity levels (CV < 10%, ICC > .90). However, postpubertal players exhibited significantly lower CVs and higher ICCs than prepubertal players in several tests, particularly for polyarticular standing posterior chain movements (P < .05). No significant differences were observed between prepubertal and pubertal players.

Conclusions: These results indicate that test reliability improves with biological maturity, likely due to enhanced motor coordination and movement control. Consequently, the reliability of lower-limb strength assessments is not interchangeable between maturity categories, and results should be interpreted with caution when used for talent identification or long-term player monitoring in elite youth football players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Zeit bis zur Erschöpfung anhand traditioneller physiologischer Indikatoren bei Läufern: Variabilität zwischen Probanden und zwischen Tagen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098236</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098236</guid>
      <author>Pallarés, J. G.</author>
      <author>Valenzuela, P. L.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Cava, A.</author>
      <author>Higuera-Liébana, E.</author>
      <author>Buendía-Romero, Á.</author>
      <author>Cervantes, A.</author>
      <author>Mora-Rodriguez, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Pallarés, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Valenzuela, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Cava, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Higuera-Liébana, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buendía-Romero, Á.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cervantes, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mora-Rodriguez, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) are indicators used to assess athletes` performance. There is scarce information available on the tolerable duration of exercise (time to exhaustion [TTE]) while running at these physiological indicators. We aimed to analyze the TTE when running at these indicators, as well as to determine their between-subject variability and within-subject reliability.

Methods: Thirteen male athletes volunteered to participate (VO2max=60.2[4.2] mL·kg-1·min-1). Participants VO2max, RCP, and MLSS were assessed through treadmill testing, and they performed 2 TTE tests on different occasions at the speed corresponding to each indicator, during which blood lactate, heart rate, and perceptual responses were measured.

Results: TTEs were 03:38 (00:40), 10:58 (02:59), and 56:42 (13:02) mm:ss at the ?VO2max, RCP, and MLSS, respectively. A moderate between-subject variability was observed (coefficient of variation = 18.3%, 27.3%, and 23.0% for VO2max, RCP, and MLSS), but no significant associations were found between TTEs and other fitness indicators, such as the speed at which these intensities occurred, nor between TTEs and VO2max (all r < .1; P > 0.2). A high within-subject (ie, between-day) reliability was observed for the TTE at all indicators (coefficient of variation of 4.4%, 4.8%, and 6.4% for VO2max, RCP, and MLSS, respectively, and intraclass correlation coefficient of .94 and .97, and .90, respectively).

Conclusions: Given their high within-subject reliability and their independence from other traditional physiological indicators of performance, TTE tests could be used for performance monitoring and for training prescription purposes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bei der Landung nach einem Stopp-Sprung im Volleyball besteht eine Bewegungsasymmetrie der unteren Extremitäten: Erkenntnisse aus der markerlosen Bewegungserfassung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098237</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098237</guid>
      <author>Höltke, T.</author>
      <author>Vegter, R. J. K.</author>
      <author>Brink, M. S.</author>
      <author>Janssen, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Landung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Asymmetrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>markerless</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Höltke, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vegter, R. J. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brink, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Janssen, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Patellar tendinopathy is a highly prevalent injury associated with high knee angular accelerations. However, collecting kinematic data on the volleyball court remains challenging. This study investigated landing kinematics between dominant and non-dominant lower limbs during stop-jumps on the volleyball court and analysed landing variables to identify biomechanical patterns associated with high knee angular accelerations. Landing kinematics were quantified using 3D markerless motion capture (OpenCap) with two cameras. Fourteen male and 5 female elite volleyball players performed 10 stop-jump landings while approaching the net to spike a ball over the net. Asymmetry was found with the dominant limb landing in greater plantarflexion and hip flexion but less knee flexion. The dominant limb exhibited higher knee angular velocities (mean ± standard deviation: dominant = 274 ± 62°/s, non-dominant = 169 ± 84°/s; p < 0.001) and accelerations (dominant = 3924 ± 2221°/s2, non-dominant = 1441 ± 4278°/s2; p = 0.032), suggesting greater biomechanical load. High knee accelerations were significantly correlated with limited knee and hip flexion in the dominant limb, closer foot position, greater trunk flexion at non-dominant limb touchdown, and longer contact time with the non-dominant limb (Pearson`s correlation coefficient; |0.55| = r = |0.79|, p < 0.018). OpenCap provided valuable insights into volleyball stop-jump kinematics. Therefore, markerless motion capture can provide coaches and scientists with a deeper understanding of landing performance and related injury mechanisms.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Untersuchung der gleichzeitigen Validität der markerlosen Bewegungserfassung bei Bewegungen in Mannschaftssportarten mit zwei Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 14:21:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098238</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098238</guid>
      <author>Oonk, G. A.</author>
      <author>Kempe, M.</author>
      <author>Lemmink, K. A. P. M.</author>
      <author>Buurke, T. J. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motion Capturing</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Oonk, G. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kempe, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemmink, K. A. P. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Buurke, T. J. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Markerless motion capture systems could help collect kinematic data in team sports. However, the validity of these systems when measuring multiple individuals simultaneously has yet to be determined. The current study aims to assess the concurrent validity of full-body kinematics during dyadic sports tasks of a markerless compared to a marker-based motion capture system. Twelve couples performed three dyadic movements: the walk high-five, dribble simulation, and double sidestep. Movements were simultaneously recorded with both systems. For each movement, the segment orientations, joint angles and center of mass were compared using the standardized typical estimate of the error, correlation coefficient, root mean squared difference (RMSD), and Bland-Altman analysis. There was an acceptable agreement in all segment orientations (RMSD < 12.5°), except for the hand segment. The flexion/extension joint angles showed an acceptable similarity between the two systems, excluding the wrist. There was a close-to-perfect similarity and agreement in the center of mass overall movement tasks. Based on the study results, the markerless motion capture system can be used for kinematic analysis of dyads in team sports, similar to how it is used in single-person movement analysis.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
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