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    <item>
      <title>Leistung und Haltbarkeit von Taekwondo-Kopfschutz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098695</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098695</guid>
      <author>Jones, E.</author>
      <author>Smith, L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Taekwondo</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Simulation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausrüstung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jones, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smith, L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Taekwondo is a martial arts sport involving kicks to the head. Participants must wear headgear to reduce injury risk, yet no test standards or performance thresholds exist for this protective equipment. The aim of this study was to test headgear under simulated use conditions to quantitatively compare scenarios relevant to head injury. Four commonly used brands of Taekwondo headgear were subjected to seven different tests: simulated aging, typical use, ultraviolet light, repeated laboratory impacts, temperature, moisture, and simulated mechanical damage. Headgear performance was assessed using a drop tower and an instrumented headform from which a Gadd Severity Index was found. The severity index differed by up to a factor of four between the headgear tested. Simulated aging was found more likely to decrease a headgear`s performance than use or simulated mechanical damage. Environments occurring in play, such as elevated temperatures and moisture, also led to a temporary decrease in headgear performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserte Mehrzielverfolgung mithilfe von pose-basierten virtuellen Markern im 3x3-Basketball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098696</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098696</guid>
      <author>Yin, L.</author>
      <author>Yeung, C.</author>
      <author>Hu, Q.</author>
      <author>Ichikawa, J.</author>
      <author>Azechi, H.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, S.</author>
      <author>Fujii, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>3x3 Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Tracking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Yin, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yeung, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ichikawa, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Azechi, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fujii, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Multi-object tracking (MOT) is crucial for multi-agent analysis activities such as tactics, player movements, and performance in team sports. However, frequent player occlusions and visual similarity caused by team uniforms pose challenges, often resulting in identity switches. Conventional tracking-by-detection methods still struggle to address these issues effectively. To address these challenges, we propose a novel pose-based virtual marker (VM) MOT method for team sports, named Sports-vmTracking. First, we constructed two open-source 3x3 basketball pose datasets using active learning to efficiently annotate informative samples. Then, we overlaid the VMs on video frames to identify players and extract their poses with unique IDs. Finally, these poses were converted into bounding boxes for comparison with automated MOT methods. Experimental results on our 3x3 basketball datasets demonstrate the high effectiveness of the proposed VM configuration, enabling automatic validation on the pre-annotated datasets. Our approach achieved a mean HOTA score of 72.3%, over ten points higher than other state-of-the-art methods without VM, resulting in zero ID switches on the indoor dataset and a HOTA score of 42.5% on the outdoor dataset, outperforming all baseline methods. In addition to improved robustness against occlusions and appearance similarity, the proposed framework reduces the time and cost of manual annotation, enabling efficient and scalable tracking in sports analytics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spielanalyse: Wearables und Referenzwerte für körperliche Belastungen im Eishockey</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098697</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098697</guid>
      <author>Martini, G.</author>
      <author>Douglas, A. S.</author>
      <author>Trudeau, F.</author>
      <author>Lemoyne, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wearable</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Martini, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Douglas, A. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trudeau, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lemoyne, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The use of microtechnologies in ice hockey is an emerging approach to the assessment of on-ice practice and match demands. This review aims to explore the use of wearable technologies to assess the locomotor and body external demands in ice hockey, provide position-specific normative data for practitioners and understand the in-depth insights these devices can measure. A scoping review was conducted to ensure methodological transparency and replicability. This design was selected to map the current literature and identify knowledge gaps regarding the integration of wearable technologies in ice hockey. The search strategy followed the specific framework to define eligibility criteria. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to progressively focus on original research using wearable technologies that were used to quantify physical demands of ice hockey. A total of 22 articles were retained for the final analysis. Research predominantly focused on highly trained or elite male adult athletes, with a widespread 100-Hz inertial movement units application compared to Local Positioning System. Accelerations, decelerations, skating distance, PlayerLoad™, skating velocity zones distances, PlayerLoad·min*1, Explosive Efforts and skating velocity were the variables most assessed in the literature. Physical demand metrics were grouped into volume, intensity, and density categories, with volume-based being the most frequently reported. Wearable technologies are increasingly implemented in ice hockey to monitor on-ice performance across training and competition. Future research should aim to assess the validity and reproducibility of the variables extensively used and contextualize data more deeply to enhance training design and optimize match preparation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deep-Learning-Ansätze zur Schätzung der Kopfhaltung bei Sportunfällen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098698</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098698</guid>
      <author>Aston, T.</author>
      <author>Machtsiras, G.</author>
      <author>Teixeira-Dias, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kopf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beschleunigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Aston, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machtsiras, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Teixeira-Dias, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract Videogrammetry can quantify head acceleration events in sport, but because standard datasets lack the large rotations, rapid motion, and frequent occlusion characteristic of sports collisions, the accuracy of modern deep learning pose estimators in this context remains unclear. This study addresses this gap by benchmarking three models for monocular head pose estimation during controlled football headers: a direct head pose regressor, an end-to-end face reconstruction model, and a full-body human mesh recovery model. Ten participants performed linear and rotational headers. Synchronised 1000 Hz infrared motion capture provided ground-truth orientations, while dual 50 Hz video cameras supplied frontal and side views. Model outputs from standardised detections were temporally smoothed and evaluated using geodesic and incremental geodesic error metrics. All models achieved single-digit mean geodesic (4°-8°) and incremental geodesic (<4°) errors. SAM 3D yielded the lowest mean errors (4.59° and 1.99°, respectively) and showed lower sensitivity to occlusion and temporal impact phase. By uniquely comparing head-only and full-body approaches, results demonstrate that modern full-body human mesh recovery models outperform dedicated head pose estimators under the heavy occlusion and dynamic conditions typical of sports collisions. Errors increased for side-view footage, rotational trials, and low facial visibility. These findings support using deep learning, particularly full-body mesh recovery, for semi-automated videogrammetric reconstruction of head acceleration events.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wahrnehmungen der Spieler und bewährte Verfahren für Rollstuhltennis auf Rasenplätzen: Eine Untersuchung unter Verwendung gemischter Methoden</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098699</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098699</guid>
      <author>Rietveld, T.</author>
      <author>Miller, T. W.</author>
      <author>Storr, E.</author>
      <author>Tolfrey, O. G.</author>
      <author>Cockram, A.</author>
      <author>Webborn, N.</author>
      <author>Coates, J.</author>
      <author>Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parasport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Befragung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rietveld, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miller, T. W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Storr, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tolfrey, O. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Cockram, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Webborn, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coates, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Abstract There is limited understanding about players perceptions and physical demands of wheelchair tennis grass play. This study conducted a quantitative pilot study exploring wheelchair configurations, court hardnesses, and potential court damage. Insights informed the primary qualitative investigation into player perceptions and best practice for wheelchair tennis on grass. Performance data were collected from six players during three tests using different configurations on grass, with hardness values between 197-233G max . Sixteen semi-structured interviews with players and support staff offered insights about wheelchair tennis grass play. Qualitative interview findings revealed two themes: navigating performance and de-mystifying wheelchair tennis. On-court findings indicated thicker castors and tyres resulted in reduced rolling resistances (* 8%) and improved rotational velocity (* 3%). This study contributed to understanding the physical demands of wheelchair tennis and de-stigmatising wheelchair tennis grass play. Support teams should include manufacturing expertise and pre-tournament wheelchair checks are recommended to prevent court damage without impacting performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bewertung des Niveaus der mentalen Fähigkeiten bei jungen Sportlern in verschiedenen Phasen des körperlichen Trainings im Bereich der sportlichen Funkpeilung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098616</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098616</guid>
      <author>Zelenskiy, K.</author>
      <author>Ponomarev, G.</author>
      <author>Kostyuchenko, V.</author>
      <author>Zverev, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>mental</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Russland</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nationalmannschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zelenskiy, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ponomarev, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kostyuchenko, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zverev, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to develop mental skills at various stages of the long-term training of young athletes in sports radio direction-finding.

Methods and structure of the study. The research was conducted during training sessions involving 95 athletes from the Russian Federation`s youth national team in sports radio direction-finding, competing in the young men`s, young women`s, junior men`s and junior women`s age groups, including 12 Masters of Sport, 31 athletes holding a first-class rank and the title of Candidate Master of Sport, 41 athletes holding third- and second-class ranks, and 11 athletes holding a youth rank. The athletes were asked to respond to 48 statements, which assessed the level of development of 12 different mental skills on a 7-point scale.

Results and conclusions. It has been established that, throughout the entire long-term training process for both young men and junior men, as well as young women and junior women, mental skills - specifically `self-confidence` and `anxiety management` - are of the utmost importance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittentwicklung kardiorespiratorischer Fitnessparameter bei jugendlichen Sportlern: Eine mehrjährige Analyse der maximalen aeroben Leistung und der maximalen Trainingsleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098349</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098349</guid>
      <author>Köble, K.</author>
      <author>Willinger, L.</author>
      <author>Engl, T.</author>
      <author>Mühlbauer, F.</author>
      <author>Huber, S.</author>
      <author>Dettenhofer, M.</author>
      <author>Oberhoffer, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Parameter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Köble, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willinger, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Engl, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mühlbauer, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huber, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dettenhofer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oberhoffer, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: While the development of cardiorespiratory fitness in normally active children and adolescents is well-documented, longitudinal data on physiological adaptations to training in youth athletes remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the long-term development of cardiorespiratory fitness in young competitive athletes over a period of 2-6 years.

Methods: A total of 397 young athletes (48 girls), aged 8-20 years, from a variety of sports underwent up to 6 repeated assessments between 2012 and 2024. Peak exercise performance (Wmax) and peak aerobic power (VO2peak), both were measured via cardiopulmonary exercise testing on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. A linear mixed model analysis was used to evaluate longitudinal changes in VO2peak and Wmax (both normalized to body mass), including body surface area and training intensity (MET-hours/week) as fixed effects, with sex-stratified analyses.

Results: A total of 1009 cardiopulmonary exercise testing were analyzed. At baseline, boys showed higher age-specific VO2peak and Wmax, while girls had higher age-specific VO2peak despite similar training intensity. Longitudinally, VO2peak increased significantly with age in mid-adolescent girls and boys, particularly in endurance athletes, and was positively associated with training intensity. Wmax rose with age but was less influenced by training or sport type, showing a stronger relationship with growth-related factors like body surface area.

Conclusions: VO2peak development in youth athletes is influenced by age, body size, training intensity, and sport type, making it a sensitive marker of aerobic adaptation. In contrast, Wmax reflects primarily maturational growth and is less responsive to training-specific factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer kombinierten gegenüber einer isolierten Supplementierung mit Beta-Alanin und Natriumbicarbonat auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit bei hochtrainierten Basketballspielerinnen: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098350</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098350</guid>
      <author>Adamczewski, J.</author>
      <author>Szymocha, M.</author>
      <author>Glówka, N.</author>
      <author>Adrian, J.</author>
      <author>Durkalec-Michalski, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Natriumbikarbonat</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Beta-Alanin</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Adamczewski, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Szymocha, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Glówka, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Durkalec-Michalski, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To examine the effects of combined versus isolated beta-alanine (BA) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on physical capacity in highly trained female basketball players.

Methods: Sixty-eight athletes aged 21.4 (4.2) years participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL)-controlled parallel trial. Participants were assigned to one of four treatments: BA+SB, BA+PLSB, PLBA+SB, or PLBA+PLSB. They received BA or PLBA (6.4 g·d-1) for 28 days. In the final 7 days, SB or PLSB (0.3 g·kg-1·d-1) was added to the ongoing supplementation. Exercise tests included countermovement jump (CMJ), Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and incremental cycling test. The tests were performed in the following order: CMJ1, WAnT1, incremental cycling test, WAnT2, and CMJ2. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, body mass, and composition were also assessed. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results: BA+SB and PLBA+SB supplementation increased peak power during WAnT1 compared to presupplementation (both P < .001; large effect). Additionally, mean heart rate was lower in BA+SB during incremental cycling test at postsupplementation compared to PLBA+SB (P = .04; large effect). BA+PLSB did not influence any physical capacity outcomes. Moreover, no changes in ratings of perceived exertion, body mass, and composition were observed.

Conclusions: BA+SB and PLBA+SB supplementation enhanced peak power in WAnT1 without compromising subsequent physical capacity indices. BA+SB potentially reduced cardiovascular strain during submaximal exercise. In contrast, BA+PLSB did not confer any ergogenic benefits. These findings suggest that SB-containing protocols may improve high-intensity capabilities in highly trained female basketball players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Segmentspezifischer Zusammenhang zwischen der anaeroben kritischen Geschwindigkeit und der Leistung über 100 m Kraul in einem 25-m-Becken </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098369</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098369</guid>
      <author>Sato, D.</author>
      <author>Yamashita, N.</author>
      <author>Ozeki, K.</author>
      <author>Mishima, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraulschwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschwindigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Geschwindigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sato, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yamashita, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ozeki, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mishima, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Anaerobic critical velocity (AnCV) has been proposed as a practical index for evaluating anaerobic swimming performance, but the race segments or phases of a 100-m swim that it best represents is not clear. This study aimed to examine the relationships between AnCV and mean swimming velocities (MSVs) across different segments and phases of a 100-m maximal front crawl.

Methods: Eighteen collegiate male swimmers performed 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-m maximal front crawl swims to calculate AnCV. MSVs were derived from split times recorded at 15, 25, 40, 50, 65, 75, 90, and 100 m. Both segmental MSVs (eg, MSV0-25m) and phase-specific MSVs (start, stroke, and turn-out) were analyzed.

Results: AnCV demonstrated strong positive correlations (Spearman rho) with MSV0-25m, MSV25-50m (rho = .51-.55, P =.03), and stroke phases at 15 to 25 m and 65 to 75 m (rho = .55-.57, P =.02). Moderate correlations were observed with MSV0-100m, start phase, and stroke phase at 40 to 50 m (rho = .47-.55, P =.04).

Conclusions: These findings indicate that AnCV primarily reflects performance in the early segments of a 100-m swim, particularly during stroking phases, and thus represents a practical tool for monitoring performance and guiding training strategies in competitive swimmers.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kriterien für die Rückkehr in den Spielbetrieb nach einer Oberschenkelverletzung im Profifußball: Zeit für einen maßgeschneiderten Ansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098376</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098376</guid>
      <author>Perna, P.</author>
      <author>Kerin, F.</author>
      <author>MacDonald, B.</author>
      <author>Jokela, A.</author>
      <author>Lempainen, L.</author>
      <author>Beato, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rehabilitation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Sport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Return to Play</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Perna, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kerin, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>MacDonald, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jokela, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lempainen, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Beato, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: A hamstring injury rehabilitation and return-to-play (RTP) individualized approach based on the anatomical structure involved, the location of the injury, and the mechanism of injury is still missing in most studies. RTP criteria should be chosen following the same principles and the complexity of the injury and should receive more attention from the scientific community given that reinjury risk is one of the main challenges associated with hamstring rehabilitation. The available literature is mainly based on articles in which hamstring injuries are treated as a whole without making distinctions for their specific characteristics.

Conclusions: There is a need to improve how we look at RTP criteria for hamstring injuries to improve decision making and help practitioners design the most suitable RTP protocols. We should consider the anatomical structure and the complexity of the injury to determine the importance of lay-off time and healing, understand the implication of the location of injury and the muscle involved on strength-test selection, and knowledge of the mechanism of injury and workload before the injury to assess the ability to activate the muscles in a sport- and mechanism-specific position and prepare the athlete with an appropriate exposure to high-speed running and technical skills.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zuverlässigkeit der Leistungsangabe des "Cyclotronics Smart Trainer" bei trainierten Radfahrern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098377</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098377</guid>
      <author>Costa, V. P.</author>
      <author>Johann, P. M.</author>
      <author>Junior, P. M. R.: Rodrigues, A. I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Costa, V. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Johann, P. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Junior, P. M. R.: Rodrigues, A. I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to assess the test-retest reliability of the Cyclotronics Smart Trainer during a graded exercise test (GXT) and a power profile test (PPT) in trained cyclists. For the GXT reliability analysis, 22 cyclists performed three GXTs, each separated by seven days. For the PPT reliability assessment, a smaller group of 10 trained participants (2 females, including 1 triathlete and 7 cyclists) completed one GXT followed by three PPTs, also separated by seven days. The first test in each protocol was used for familiarization and excluded from the reliability analysis. During the GXT, the coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 5.5% at the lowest workload (100 W) to 1.6% at the highest workload (300 W), demonstrating reduced variability at higher intensities. A very low CV was also observed for peak power output (PPO), indicating high consistency in maximal performance measures. Regarding the PPT, acceptable test-retest reliability was observed, particularly for efforts lasting 120 seconds or more. As expected, shorter efforts showed slightly greater variability, which is common in high-intensity performance tests with a smaller sample size. In conclusion, the Cyclotronics Smart Trainer demonstrated reliable measurements during both GXT and PPT protocols. These findings support its use in repeated testing scenarios where measurement consistency is essential.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verschleißanalyse von Fahrradkettengliedern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098378</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098378</guid>
      <author>Rank-Isepp, M.</author>
      <author>Koch, O.</author>
      <author>Graf, S.</author>
      <author>Oehler, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nachhaltigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rank-Isepp, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Koch, O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Graf, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oehler, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The rapid electrification of bicycles has fundamentally transformed drivetrain dynamics, leading to significantly higher loads on mechanical components such as chains. Unlike in traditional bicycles, where wear and efficiency losses primarily concerned competitive riders, the widespread adoption of e-bikes and other high-performance bicycles has made these issues critical for everyday cycling. Increased torque and sustained power assistance place unprecedented mechanical and tribological demands on drivetrains, making durability, friction reduction, and efficiency vital considerations for both manufacturers and users. As a result, research and testing methods that were once used mainly for industrial chain applications are increasingly relevant for the cycling industry. This study addresses these emerging challenges by adapting proven methodologies from mechanical and automotive engineering. Through controlled laboratory testing, bicycle chains and lubricants can be evaluated under standardized conditions that replicate real-world usage scenarios. Such testing does not only enable precise comparisons between different chain and lubricant systems but also provides insight into the fundamental wear mechanisms and efficiency losses occurring under varying loads, speeds, and environmental conditions. The approach supports the tailored design of drivetrain components for diverse cycling applications, including urban e-bikes, high-speed track bicycles, and rugged mountain bikes. By bridging disciplines, this work paves the way for innovations that enhance performance, reliability, and sustainability in modern cycling. A model procedure is presented here based on three exemplary high-speed track-bike scenarios. The focus is on the implementation of the experimental strategy and the derivation of the methodology.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Praktische Einblicke in die Wahl der Kurbelarmlänge: Auswirkungen auf die Fahrleistung und Leistungsdaten in einer Augmented-Reality-Umgebung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098379</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098379</guid>
      <author>Lim, B.</author>
      <author>Hearon, C. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Augmented Reality</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lim, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hearon, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to identify whether cycling time trial (TT) performance and cycling metrics are affected by small changes in crank arm length (CAL). Fourteen subjects (8 male; 6 female) completed three cycling TTs with different CALs (i.e., 165, 170, and 175 mm) on three separate occasions along a designated virtual course (distance: 11.65 km, elevation: 34.1 m) using a smart bike integrated with augmented reality (AR) software. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to analyze the effect of CAL on various cycling metrics: cadence (rpm), pace (m×s-1), power (W×kg-1), TT performance (min), energy expenditure (kJ), heart rate (bpm), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE), with appropriate post hoc tests as needed. Cadence, pace, and TT performance showed significant main effects across CALs (p < 0.05). However, no statistical differences were observed in cycling power, energy expenditure, average heart rate, or RPE (p > 0.05). Smallest worthwhile change (SWC) analysis revealed that performance differences between 165 and 170 mm may still hold practical significance despite statistically non-significant post hoc comparisons (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that a shorter CAL is associated with faster completion time under controlled conditions due to higher cadence and faster pace without increasing physiological strain. Practically, recreational cyclists and novice triathletes may consider slightly shorter crank arms to improve short-to-moderate distance cycling performance. In addition, an augmented reality platform combined with a smart bike provides a reproducible and ecologically valid method for training and applied performance assessment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Endofibrose der Arteria Iliaca Externa bei Radfahrern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098380</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098380</guid>
      <author>Carcia, C.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Becken</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gefäß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Arterie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Carcia, C.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[An underrecognized clinical condition that may afflict high level cyclists is external iliac artery endofibrosis (EIAE). EIAE is an intermittent claudication vascular condition that results from intimal narrowing most often of the external iliac artery (EIA). Symptoms are reported as thigh pain and loss of power that occur during high intensity efforts. EIAE is theorized to be a result of the mechanical and hemodynamic stress within the EIA heightened by psoas muscle hypertrophy in conjunction with the repetitive and extreme hip flexion coupled with high cardiac output. A combination of clinical tests (e.g. ankle-brachial index) in concert with imaging and vascular studies (e.g. duplex ultrasound) is necessary to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. The mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis is 3 years. Conservative interventions, which consist of bike hardware adjustments and/or posture modifications while riding, are generally not acceptable for a competitive cyclist. Surgical interventions take the form of percutaneous/endoscopic (e.g. balloon angioplasty, stent insertion) or open procedures (e.g. arterial release, endarterectomy, artery reconstruction) to restore arterial flow. Long-term outcomes following percutaneous procedures have followed a finite number of patients to date and are not recommended as a primary intervention for EIAE. Outcomes following open surgical procedures are strong with most riders being able to return to preinjury levels of competition. Greater awareness of EIAE among the scientific and medical community who work with cyclists is needed to improve the efficiency and overall management of EIAE.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle des Muskelvolumens der unteren Extremitäten bei der Leistung im Vertikalsprung bei Athleten der NCAA Division I</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098381</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098381</guid>
      <author>O´Brien, D. E.</author>
      <author>Ito, N.</author>
      <author>Kliethermes, S.</author>
      <author>Heiderscheit, B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>USA</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Volumen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Vertikalsprung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>O´Brien, D. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ito, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kliethermes, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heiderscheit, B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction/Purpose:
This study examined the relationship between lower extremity muscle volumes and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in 207 (43 female, 164 male) National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate basketball, football, hockey, and soccer athletes. The primary aim was to determine which combination of lower extremity muscle volumes was most strongly associated with CMJ performance across a large subset of high-level college athletes.

Methods:
Athletes underwent bilateral magnetic resonance imaging scans, and muscle volumes were quantified using machine-learning-based auto-segmentation. CMJ height (cm) and peak power (W/kg) were measured using dual force plates. Backward selection regression analyses determined muscle combinations that best explained variance in jump performance after adjusting for sex and sport.

Results:
Vastus lateralis muscle volume was related to both jump height (ß = 0.36, P < 0.01) and peak power (ß = 0.41, P < 0.01). In addition to the vastus lateralis, the jump height model retained rectus femoris, and the peak power model retained soleus, gluteus medius, adductor magnus, and biceps femoris long head. The differing muscle candidates in the two models likely reflect the distinct features of each CMJ metric: jump height reflects force over time while peak power reflects the rapid generation of force. Sport-specific differences emerged, with hockey and football athletes displaying greater jump heights and generating greater peak power when compared with basketball players. Male athletes outperformed females in both jump metrics.

Conclusions:
These findings, derived from over 200 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes, highlight the crucial role of the quadriceps in CMJ performance in high-level athletes. Strength and conditioning and rehabilitation programs may consider targeting quadriceps hypertrophy to improve vertical jump performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Die Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung ist nach einem Marathonlauf beeinträchtigt und steht bei Frauen in Zusammenhang mit einer geringen Energieverfügbarkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098382</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098382</guid>
      <author>Boere, K.</author>
      <author>Young, N.</author>
      <author>Dauphinee, R.</author>
      <author>Copithorne, F.</author>
      <author>Kirby, B. S.</author>
      <author>Krigolson, O. E.</author>
      <author>Stellingwerff, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Marathonlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Energiestoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gedächtnis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>RED-S</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Boere, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Young, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dauphinee, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Copithorne, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kirby, B. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krigolson, O. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stellingwerff, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
We tested the hypothesis that marathon racing reduces working memory performance and increases frontal theta activity in trained female endurance athletes. We further examined whether changes in cognitive performance or brain activity were associated with either acute and/or chronic risk of low energy availability.

Methods:
Sixteen female Tier 2 runners (42 ± 9 yr; VO2max 45.6 ± 6 mL·kg-¹·min-¹) underwent VO2max testing and the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) 7-14 d before a marathon. Participants completed 1-back (low-load) and 3-back (high-load) working memory tasks during electroencephalogram recordings, performed before and immediately after the race (<10 min). Accuracy and reaction time measured cognitive performance, and frontal theta power measured cognitive effort.

Results:
Sixteen runners completed the marathon in 4:16 ± 37 min (70 ± 6% VO2max), with a mean carbohydrate intake of 28 ± 14 g·h-1. Six athletes exceeded the LEAF-Q threshold (=8) and eight reported menstrual dysfunction. Postrace, 3-back accuracy declined (-18.8%, P = 0.003) while reaction time shortened for both task versions (5.3%-6.6%, P = 0.002). Frontal theta increased postrace (1-back: +26.8%; 3-back: +29.6%, P < 0.001). Regression models showed that 3-back accuracy changes were predicted by LEAF-Q score (ß = 0.494, P = 0.016). In contrast, theta increases were predicted by a combination of lower carbohydrate intake (ß = -0.025, P = 0.005), longer race time (ß = 0.008, P = 0.005), and higher LEAF-Q score (ß = 0.121, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Working memory performance is reduced and cognitive effort is increased after marathon racing in trained female athletes. These effects are linked to both acute and chronic risk of low energy availability, emphasizing the need for individualized fueling strategies to preserve cognitive performance during endurance events.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Dynamik des Verhältnisses von Leistung und Dauer bei intermittierender sportlicher Betätigung im Mannschaftssport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098383</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098383</guid>
      <author>Black, M. I.</author>
      <author>Lewis, J. A.</author>
      <author>Liu, Y.</author>
      <author>Altuna, A.</author>
      <author>Vanhatalo, A.</author>
      <author>Kirby, B.</author>
      <author>Jones, A. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>intermittierend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Black, M. I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lewis, J. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Altuna, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vanhatalo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kirby, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jones, A. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose:
To 1) determine whether critical power (CP), W' and W' reconstitution kinetics (W'REC) are altered by high-intensity team-sport specific intermittent exercise; 2) examine the accuracy with which W' balance (W'BAL) is estimated by the W'BAL model; 3) examine whether physiological variables assessed during ramp incremental exercise and the 3-min all-out test, explain exercise-induced changes in the power-duration relationship.

Methods:
CP, W', and W'REC were determined during a repeated all-out test, which comprised a 3-min all-out test and a 2-min all-out test, separated by 90 s, in 13 recreationally active team-sport players. The test was performed in a rested condition (control) and immediately following a 40-min (40-IST) and 80-min (80-IST) intermittent sprint test.

Results:
CP assessed after the 40-IST (222 ± 57 W) and 80-IST (213 ± 49 W) were not different from control (222 ± 52 W; P > 0.05). W'REC was also not significantly different from control (0.08 ± 0.02 kJ·s-2) after the 40-IST (0.07 ± 0.02 kJ·s-2) or 80-IST (0.07 ± 0.02 kJ·s-2; P > 0.05). W' was lower than control (13.5 ± 4.0 kJ) after the 40-IST (10.1 ± 4.0 kJ) and 80-IST (9.1 ± 3.5 kJ) (both P < 0.05). After the 40-IST, W'BAL was not significantly different from the value predicted from the W'BAL model (10.9 ± 2.4 kJ; P > 0.05), but W'BAL was overestimated by the model following the 80-IST (10.7 ± 2.6 kJ; P < 0.05). There were considerable interindividual differences in the changes in the power-duration relationship following exercise, which were not related to physiological variables assessed in the control condition.

Conclusions:
CP and W'REC are not altered after intermittent exercise, but W' is decreased, with considerable heterogeneity in the changes in the power-duration relationship between individuals. These results have important implications for the application of the W'BAL model to describe intermittent exercise performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung der Kohlenhydrataufnahme über die Nahrung auf das Glykogen in den Skelettmuskeln, das Wohlbefinden im Magen-Darm-Trakt und die Körperzusammensetzung bei ausdauertrainierten Personen in einer simulierten Wettkampfvorbereitung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098384</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098384</guid>
      <author>Jones, R. O.</author>
      <author>Areta, J. L.</author>
      <author>Bennett, S.</author>
      <author>Pugh, K.</author>
      <author>Louis, J. B.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kohlenhydrat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verdauung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperbau</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Glykogen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jones, R. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Areta, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bennett, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pugh, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Louis, J. B.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[High dietary carbohydrate (CHO) intake and reduced exercise training are recommended to optimize muscle glycogen stores pre-endurance sports competition. However, the optimal CHO intake to support muscle glycogen synthesis and the dose-response of this relationship are still unknown in athletes who continue training pre-competition. This study investigated the effects of different CHO intakes on muscle glycogen concentration. In a counterbalanced repeated measures design, 11 endurance-trained participants (3 females, 8 males; age, 24 ± 5 years; body mass, 71.2 ± 12.0 kg; V?O2max, 56 ± 6 mL kg-1 min-1) undertook 3 × 5 days of exercise and dietary control. During the final 48 h, participants ingested 6, 8 or 10 g kg-1 day-1 CHO prior to the assessment of muscle glycogen, gastrointestinal (GI) comfort and body composition. Muscle glycogen concentration was significantly higher following 10 vs. 6 and 8 g kg-1 day-1 (635.5 ± 78.0 vs. 460.9 ± 100.7 and 506.1 ± 124.0 mmol kg-1 dry mass, respectively, p < 0.03), with no difference between 6 and 8 g kg-1 day-1 (p = 1.00). There was a strong positive correlation between relative CHO intake (r = 0.71, p < 0.001) and skeletal muscle glycogen concentration. There was no effect of CHO intake on body mass (p = 0.70) or GI symptoms (p > 0.05), except fullness. In conclusion, there was a linear dose-response between dietary CHO intake and muscle glycogen in a protocol mimicking real-world training and nutrition practices, as 10 g kg-1 day-1 achieved the highest muscle glycogen concentrations, with no detectable effect on body mass or GI symptoms, except increased fullness.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Gemeinsame Entwicklung einer Strategie zur Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Verletzungsprävention für eine Mädchenfußballmannschaft in einem gemeindebasierten Verein</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098385</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098385</guid>
      <author>Odgaard, C. V. O.</author>
      <author>Sørensen, K.</author>
      <author>Mølgaard, C. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Programm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Strategie</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Odgaard, C. V. O.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sørensen, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mølgaard, C. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to investigate (1) Football coaches' and players' experiences with a co-created injury prevention (IP) implementation strategy, (2) Football coaches' and players' visions for improving the implementation of IP; and (3) to which extent the initial co-created implementation strategy increases the use of IP exercises. A mixed-method design consisting of observations and interviews. An implementation strategy was co-created with five youth girls' coaches in a community-based football club. The process was evaluated through semi-structured focus group interviews with five coaches and eight youth players. Observations of football sessions were conducted before intervention, 5 weeks after and 7 months after implementation. Interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Five themes were generated from the coaches' interview: (1) use of IP during intervention period, (2) challenges during intervention period, (3) positive experiences during the intervention, (4) responsibility and other stakeholders, and (5) visions for future implementation. Four themes were generated from interviewing the players: (1) experiences with IP during the intervention, (2) injuries and consequences, (3) motivation, and (4) visions for implementation. Observations showed increased duration of IP and increased number of IP exercises after 5 weeks, but limited changes after 7 months. The co-created strategy led to a limited increase of IP exercises used. While coaches had mixed experiences with IP during the intervention, the players generally had positive experiences. The participants' visions for improving the implementation were to engage multiple stakeholders, change the culture of the club, and gain knowledge.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen einer früheren Zerrung der hinteren Oberschenkelmuskulatur auf die Muskelmorphologie und die Biomechanik beim Sprinten bei College-American-Football-Spielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098386</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098386</guid>
      <author>Hulm, S.</author>
      <author>Lin, Y.-C.</author>
      <author>Maniar, N.</author>
      <author>Timmins, R. G.</author>
      <author>Hickey, J. T.</author>
      <author>Heiderscheit, B. C.</author>
      <author>Blemker, S. S.</author>
      <author>Opar, D. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>American Football</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ischiokrurale Muskeln</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskelphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hulm, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lin, Y.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Maniar, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Timmins, R. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hickey, J. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Heiderscheit, B. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blemker, S. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Opar, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[To determine whether elite collegiate athletes with a prior hamstring strain injury (HSI) display persistent deficits in hamstring muscle morphology and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) mechanics during sprinting, and whether MRI-informed, subject-specific musculoskeletal models detect limb differences that scaled-generic models overlook. This study analyzed data from the Hamstring Injury (HAMIR) study. Seventy-nine NCAA Division I male football players (106 previously injured vs. 52 uninjured control limbs) completed maximal-velocity over-ground sprints instrumented with inertial measurement units (100 Hz) and underwent 3-T MRI for whole-hamstring volumetry. Sprint kinematics drove both scaled-generic and MRI-informed subject-specific OpenSim models. Peak MTU strain, lengthening velocity, force, and negative work were extracted for biceps femoris long head (BFlh), biceps femoris short head (BFsh), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST). Limb effects were analyzed with linear mixed models (a = 0.05). Previously injured limbs demonstrated ~5% smaller normalized muscle volumes for both BFlh (1.67 ± 0.36 vs. 1.76 ± 0.35 mL/kg/m, p = 0.009) and BFsh (0.92 ± 0.18 vs. 0.97 ± 0.19 mL/kg/m, p = 0.007). Peak MTU lengthening velocity was faster in injured limbs for BFlh (+3%), SM (+5%), and ST (+5%) (all p = 0.02), with no limb differences in joint kinematics, peak strain, or generic-model forces. Subject-specific models revealed lower BFsh peak force (1.10 ± 0.21 vs. 1.14 ± 0.22 × body weight, p = 0.03) and reduced negative work (-13.4 ± 6.8 vs. -15.3 ± 7.5 J, p = 0.01), differences that the generic model did not detect. Although sprint kinematics were similar between limbs, those with prior HSI exhibited persistent BFlh and BFsh atrophy and subtle muscle-specific mechanical deficits. Reduced BFsh force and negative work were evident only with MRI-informed modeling. Integrating imaging with wearable-driven, subject-specific simulations could enhance rehabilitation monitoring and guide loading strategies to mitigate reinjury risk.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05343052]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ein Blick hinter die Kulissen der Elite-Ruderer: Einflussfaktoren der Skelettmuskulatur auf die Ruderleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098388</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098388</guid>
      <author>Bellinger, P.</author>
      <author>Dick, T.</author>
      <author>Roberts, L.</author>
      <author>Minahan, C.</author>
      <author>Takahashi, K.</author>
      <author>Charles, J. P.</author>
      <author>Hannah, K.</author>
      <author>Wackwitz, T</author>
      <author>Lievens, E.</author>
      <author>Van De Casteele, F.</author>
      <author>Kennedy, B.</author>
      <author>Duhig, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rudern</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stützgewebe</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsapparat</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knochen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Skelettmuskulatur</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bellinger, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dick, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Roberts, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Minahan, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Takahashi, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Charles, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hannah, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wackwitz, T</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lievens, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Van De Casteele, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kennedy, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Duhig, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[We aimed to identify the physiological and muscle characteristics associated with mean power output in the final stage of a rowing incremental test in elite rowers. Twenty-two national level rowers (n = 9 female) completed the following assessments (i) a 7-stage incremental rowing ergometer test to determine V?O2peak, maximal muscle deoxygenation and final incremental stage mean power output, (ii) strength and power, (iii) lean body mass (LBM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, (iv) lower extremity muscle volumes using MR imaging, (v) muscle architecture using diffusion tensor imaging; and (vi) estimated muscle typology via proton MR spectroscopy. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to identify the characteristics associated with final incremental stage mean power output with sex and LBM as covariates. Sex explained a substantial proportion of the variance in final incremental stage mean power output (R2 = 0.74; adjusted deltaR2 = 0.72; p < 0.001), while inclusion of LBM further improved model fit (R2 = 0.87; ?R2 = 0.13; adjusted deltaR2 = 0.13; p = 0.006). After accounting for sex and LBM, VO2peak demonstrated the largest independent association with final incremental stage mean power output (deltaR2 = 0.047; adjusted deltaR2 = 0.047; partial r = 0.60; p = 0.0048), followed by the estimated proportion of type II fibers (deltaR2 = 0.035; adjusted deltaR2 = 0.033; partial r = 0.52; p = 0.0188). Most other muscle characteristics explained minimal additional variance. Sex and muscle characteristic interaction terms indicated no detectable sex-specific differences in this small cohort. These findings highlight the diversity in the underpinning muscle characteristics and may inform personalized interventions targeted at improving rowing performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausdauer als Prädiktor für die Leistung im olympischen Mountainbike-Cross-Country: Erkenntnisse aus Intervalltests unter Ermüdungsbedingungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098389</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098389</guid>
      <author>Inoue, A.</author>
      <author>Mateo-March, M.</author>
      <author>Protzen, G.</author>
      <author>Crivoi do Carmo, E.</author>
      <author>Lattari, E.</author>
      <author>Pereira Costa, V.</author>
      <author>Bezerra da Silva, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Mountainbiking</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelände</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Intervallmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Cross Country</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Inoue, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mateo-March, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Protzen, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Crivoi do Carmo, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lattari, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pereira Costa, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bezerra da Silva, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated whether field-based intermittent tests performed under fatigued conditions better predict Olympic cross-country mountain biking (XCO-MTB) performance, whether prior prolonged exercise reduces power output during these tests, and whether the ability to maintain power output during intermittent tests under fatigue distinguishes competitive level in mountain bikers. Twenty-five male XCO-MTB athletes were tested under "fresh" and fatigued conditions in randomized order, separated by 72 h. Within each condition, participants performed three field-based intermittent tests with work: recovery formats of 30 s:15 s (30/15), 10 s:20 s (10/20), and 3 min:2 min (3/2), in randomized order and separated by 24 h. In the fatigued condition, each intermittent test was immediately preceded by a 140-min fatigue protocol that included repeated efforts at 105%-110% of critical power. Participants were classified as high-performance (HP) or low-performance (LP) based on XCO-MTB individual time-trial (ITT) performance, assessed 72 h after the last test session. All intermittent tests showed large to nearly perfect correlations with XCO-MTB ITT performance (n = 24; r = -0.53 to -0.95; p = 0.007 to p < 0.001), with stronger associations under fatigued conditions. The fatigued 10/20 test expressed relative to body mass was the strongest predictor, explaining 89% of performance variance. Power output decreased across all three tests after the fatigue protocol (n = 25; all p < 0.001), with greater declines in the LP group (˜15%-20%) than in the HP group (˜6%-10%; p = 0.008 to p < 0.001). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ability to sustain power output during repeated intermittent efforts under fatigue is relevant to XCO-MTB ITT performance and competitive level.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vergleich von auf Wiederholungen basierenden Strategien zur progressiven Überlastung im Krafttraining: Rest-Pause-Methode versus Drop-Sets</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098391</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098391</guid>
      <author>Vargas-Molina, S.</author>
      <author>García-Palumbo, A.</author>
      <author>Petro, J. L.</author>
      <author>Bonilla, D. A.</author>
      <author>García-Sillero, M.</author>
      <author>Carbone, L.</author>
      <author>Schoenfeld, B. J.</author>
      <author>Benítez-Porres, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederholungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Vargas-Molina, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Palumbo, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petro, J. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bonilla, D. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Sillero, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carbone, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Schoenfeld, B. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Benítez-Porres, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Rest-pause (RP) and drop sets (DS) are widely used as intensification strategies during resistance training. However, their incorporation within a repetition-based progressive-overload (PO) model and their effects under supervised conditions are not well established. We compared progressive-overload rest-pause (PO-RP) with progressive-overload drop-set (PO-DS) training, assessing changes in body composition and maximal strength in resistance-trained adults. Twenty-three participants (20 men and 3 women; 29.1 [5.9] years; 25.0 [3.1] kg/m2) were randomized to either PO-RP (n = 12) or PO-DS (n = 11). After a 1-week familiarization phase, both groups trained twice weekly for 8 weeks under supervision while following a prescribed nutritional protocol. Pre/post measures of body composition were assessed by DXA, and maximal strength was evaluated by the one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press. Adiposity-related outcomes (total and upper-body fat mass, and total and upper-body fat-free adipose tissue) remained essentially unchanged in both protocols (all group × time p > 0.05). Lean soft tissue mass increased in PO-DS (delta = 1.4 kg; 95% CI, 0.8-2.2; p < 0.001; g = 0.1) and PO-RP (delta = 1.2 kg; 95% CI, 0.8-2.0; p < 0.001; g = 0.1), with no between-protocol difference in change (group × time p = 0.688). Bench press 1-RM increased in both protocols (PO-DS: delta = 12.3 kg; 95% CI, 9.6-14.0; p < 0.001; g = 0.7; PO-RP: delta = 9.5 kg; 95% CI, 7.3-11.2; p < 0.001; g = 0.4), without a statistically significant group × time effect (p = 0.086). Under supervised training and a standardized nutritional protocol, PO-RP and PO-DS produced comparable adaptations. Adiposity-related outcomes remained stable, fat-free compartment measures increased, and maximal strength improved, with no statistically significant between-protocol differences in change. Future research should determine whether these adaptations are maintained over longer interventions and whether responses differ across populations with different characteristics, including women, older adults, clinical populations, or individuals with different training experience. Further studies incorporating larger samples, direct assessments of muscle hypertrophy, additional strength outcomes, and mechanistic measures of fatigue and recovery may help refine the application of advanced resistance-training strategies in evidence-based exercise programs.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die maximale Fettoxidation steigt von der Vorbereitungsphase bis zur Wettkampfsaison nicht an und steht in keinem Zusammenhang mit der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit männlicher Elite-Fußballspieler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098393</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098393</guid>
      <author>Rømer, T.</author>
      <author>Hansen, M. T.</author>
      <author>Sahl, R. E.</author>
      <author>Lange, K. K.</author>
      <author>Blom, I.</author>
      <author>Kleis-Olsen, A.-S.</author>
      <author>Ruppert, C. R.</author>
      <author>Jóhannsson, L. G.</author>
      <author>Randers, M. B.</author>
      <author>Larsen, M. N.</author>
      <author>Sangild, J.</author>
      <author>Krustrup, P.</author>
      <author>Helge, J. W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rømer, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hansen, M. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sahl, R. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lange, K. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Blom, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kleis-Olsen, A.-S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruppert, C. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jóhannsson, L. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Randers, M. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Larsen, M. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sangild, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krustrup, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Helge, J. W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Elite male football players have high peak fat oxidation (PFO), and recently PFO was reported to increase following preseason (PS) training in semi-professional male players. Whether PFO increases from PS to competitive season (CS) in elite male football players remains unknown. This study investigated if PFO increases from PS to CS in elite male football players, and secondarily, it explored the interplay between PFO and running performance. Twenty-two elite male outfield football players reported to the laboratory during PS and CS. Testing included a resting blood sample, a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and a graded treadmill running test. The players' load during training and matches was monitored between the test days. PFO, the intensity eliciting PFO (Fatmax) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) did not change from PS to CS (mean difference with 95% confidence intervals: -1.0 mg·kg FFM-1·min-1 (95% CI: -2.4 to 0.3 mg·kg FFM-1·min-1), 1% VO2peak (95% CI: -4% to 6% VO2peak) and 0.2 mL·kg-1·min-1 (95% CI: -1.0 to 1.4 mL·kg-1·min-1), respectively). Intra-individual changes in PFO, Fatmax and VO2peak from PS to CS were not positively correlated with weekly distance covered during football training, or with changes in distance covered during matches, neither in total nor within intensity domains. Whole body fat-free mass increased by 1.2 kg (95% CI: 0.4 to 1.9 kg) and fat percentage decreased by 0.4% points (95% CI: 0.1% to 0.8% points) from PS to CS. In conclusion, PFO, Fatmax and VO2peak did not change from PS to CS, and PFO was not associated with training or match running performance of elite male football players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Gewehrhaltung auf die Winkelkinematik des Unterkörpers beim Biathlon-Skilauf auf Schnee</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098433</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098433</guid>
      <author>Brandts, M. M. E.</author>
      <author>Björklund, G.</author>
      <author>Kårström, M. J.</author>
      <author>Laaksonen, M. S.</author>
      <author>Staunton, C. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportgerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Winkel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kinematik</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Schnee</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Brandts, M. M. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Björklund, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kårström, M. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Laaksonen, M. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Staunton, C. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose
Biathlon is an endurance sport that combines high-intensity cross-country skiing with precision shooting, requiring athletes to carry a rifle while skiing. This study examined the effect of rifle carriage on angular kinematics involving hip and knee range of motion (ROM) in on-snow biathlon skiing.

Methods
29 tier 3 level biathletes (11 F; 18 M) skied two maximal effort time trials (2300 m), once with and once without carrying the biathlon rifle. A 3D motion analysis system, comprising of twelve inertial measurement units, was used to measure hip and knee ROM in the sagittal plane. Multilevel linear models, considering slope, stance (dominant/non-dominant), and side (leading/lagging, left/right), were employed to analyze the effects of rifle carriage on knee and hip ROM in gears 2 and 3.

Results
In gear 2, rifle carriage was associated with reduced knee (p < .001) and hip ROM. (p < .001).
In gear 3, rifle carriage was associated with reduced knee ROM (p < .001) but greater hip ROM (p = .003).

Conclusion
Biathletes change their skiing kinematics when carrying a rifle during on-snow skiing. Rifle carriage was associated with decreased knee and hip ROM in gear 2, and reduced knee but increased hip ROM in gear 3. Future research should determine the relationships between rifle-induced changes to skiing kinematics with performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Nordic Skiing Dataset (NSD): Ein Datensatz zur Posenschätzung für das Leistungsfeedback im Skilanglauf</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098434</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098434</guid>
      <author>Lundin, E.</author>
      <author>Wilde, B. A.</author>
      <author>Löwenmark, K.</author>
      <author>Angulo, J.</author>
      <author>Singh, A. K.</author>
      <author>Kyösti, P.</author>
      <author>Almqvist, A.</author>
      <author>Abrahamsson, J.</author>
      <author>Holmberg, H.-C.</author>
      <author>Mokayed, H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Feedback</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Video</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsmerkmal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Messverfahren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>maschinelles Lernen</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lundin, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wilde, B. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Löwenmark, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Angulo, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Singh, A. K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kyösti, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Almqvist, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Abrahamsson, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Holmberg, H.-C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mokayed, H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Recent advances in computer vision and human pose estimation, together with the increasing accessibility of drone technology, have opened new opportunities for datadriven vision-based performance analysis in sports. However, their applications remain underexplored in cross-country (XC) skiing, where research has predominantly relied on wearable sensors in controlled environments. These approaches are difficult to generalize to field environments and mostly inaccessible to the general public, while video analysis models and unmanned aerial vehicles are rapidly improving. Hence, publicly available XC skiing datasets can enable novel and accessible technique feedback and insights for both professional and recreational athletes. In this work, we introduce the Nordic Skiing Dataset (NSD), a publicly available drone-based video data set designed to support pose estimation, gear classification, and feedback generation for skating-style cross-country skiing. The dataset features 149 annotated videos of 12 skiers across different skill levels, from beginners to elite national athletes. The dataset captures various real-world skiing conditions and includes annotated segments for gear classification and technique evaluation. Pose annotations were generated using AlphaPose with the Halpe26 keypoint format and refined. Developed in close collaboration with domain experts from the national ski team, NSD was carefully designed to support robust and generalizable machine learning research. Although we present initial benchmark results for gear classification, our primary contribution is the dataset itself, an open resource designed to foster further research in athlete modeling, transfer learning, performance feedback, and sports biomechanics.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eisenmangel im Sport - Diagnose, Therapie und Auswirkungen auf die Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098435</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098435</guid>
      <author>Keller, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Eisenmangel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keller, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ein Eisenmangel und eine Eisenmangelanämie sind Gesundheitsprobleme weltweit, die in der täglichen klinischen Praxis häufig diagnostiziert werden. Ein Eisenmangel trägt als ein wichtiger Faktor zur weltweiten Krankheitslast bei. Ein Eisenmangel betrifft vor allem Kinder, prämenopausale Frauen und Menschen jeglichen Geschlechts, welche in einkommensschwachen Ländern und in Regionen mit schlechter Ernährungssituation leben. Ein Eisenmangel entwickelt sich in drei aufeinander folgenden Stadien: Im ersten Stadium sind lediglich die Eisenspeicher in den retikuloendothelialen Zellen des Knochenmarks, der Leber und der Milz betroffen und zeigen sich erschöpft; dieses Stadium wird als Eisenspeicherverarmung bezeichnet und geht mit einem Abfall des Serumferritins einher. Das zweite Stadium ist durch ein vermindertes Transporteisen und eine reduzierte Eisenversorgung der Zellen mit verringerter Transferrinsättigung gekennzeichnet. Diese beiden Stadien des Eisenmangels ohne Anämie werden als präanämischer latenter Eisenmangel oder eisenmangelassoziierte Nicht-Anämie bezeichnet. Das letzte Stadium des Eisenmangels ist durch einen Abfall der Hämoglobinsynthese aufgrund einer unzureichenden Eisenversorgung gekennzeichnet, was schließlich in einer Eisenmangelanämie resultiert. Eisen ist ein entscheidender Baustein für viele physiologische biologische Funktionen des menschlichen Körpers, insbesondere für das Atmungs- und Blutzellsystem mit Sauerstofftransport, Energieproduktion, DNA-Synthese sowie Zellproliferation. Ein Eisenmangel umfasst die verminderte Auffüllung der Eisenspeicher, die entweder in eine manifeste Eisenmangelanämie übergeht oder auch ohne Fortschreiten als Eisenmangel ohne Anämie bestehen bleiben kann. Während in Entwicklungsländern ein Eisenmangel meist durch unzureichende Nahrungsaufnahme, Blutverluste infolge von Wurmbesiedelungen im Darm oder eine Kombination aus beiden Umständen verursacht wird, sind in einkommensstarken Ländern vor allem veränderte Ernährungsgewohnheiten (insbesondere vegane oder vegetarische Ernährung bzw. Verzicht auf rotes Fleisch), Krankheiten und pathologische Zustände wie chronische Blutverluste oder Malabsorption im Zuge einer alternden Bevölkerung die Haupttreiber für den Eisenmangel. Obwohl eine Eisenmangelanämie die wichtigste, jedoch nicht die einzige Folge eines Eisenmangels darstellt, treten klinische und funktionelle Einschränkungen im menschlichen Körper bereits vor dem Eisenmangelanämiestadium auf. Ein Eisenmangel wird häufig bei Ausdauersportlern festgestellt; ein wichtiger Mechanismus bei der Entstehung des Eisenmangels sind Hämolyse, Blutverluste und leichte Entzündungen infolge von intensivem Training und wiederholtem Bodenkontakt, wodurch sich Eisenverluste über verschiedene Wege ausbilden können. Andere Faktoren eines Eisenverlustes sind vermehrtes Schwitzen, Hämaturie, gastrointestinale (Mikro-)Blutungen, Hämodilution und Umverteilung des gespeicherten Eisenvorrats, vermehrter Eisenbedarf, verminderte Eisenaufnahme, und Sequestration, in Kombination mit genetischen Determinanten (verschiedener Anämietypen). Studien legen zudem eine Verbindung zwischen dem Vitamin D- und Eisen-Stoffwechsels nahe. Eisen ist ein wichtiger funktioneller Bestandteil des Sauerstofftransports und der Energieproduktion des Menschen und ein kritisches sowie essentielles Mikronährstoffelement für die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Athleten. Während die Eisenmangelanämie stark mit einer reduzierten sportlichen Leistungsfähigkeit assoziiert ist; ist der Einfluss
von Eisenmangelzuständen ohne oder mit nur leichter Anämie weniger eindeutig belegt, und die Studienlage zeigt sich hier widersprüchlich.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der norwegische Ansatz zur Periodisierung und zum Training im Ausdauersport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098436</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098436</guid>
      <author>Gazzano, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Newsletter</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauerdisziplinen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Norwegen</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Newsletter</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gazzano, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Introduction

Despite a population of only 5.6 million, Norway is a powerhouse in endurance sports. The country won the most Olympic gold medals at the 2014, 2018 and 2022 Winter Games and Norwegian athletes routinely win top trophies at the Olympic, World and European Championships.

How to explain such a resounding success? Are Norwegian coaches planning, managing and monitoring training in a special way? Do they share of unique periodization principles or `secret` methods that may explain their athletes` outstanding and consistent performances?

This is the question that a Norwegian research team tried to answer in two very interesting research papers, published in 2024 and 2025.

In the study, researchers asked 12 highly successful Norwegian endurance coaches, who trained more than 370 medal winners across multiple endurance sports, to describe their macro, meso and micro-cycles periodization models, session planning and training intensity management strategies.

This document summarizes their findings. ]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Schulterverletzungen im Triathlonsport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098437</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098437</guid>
      <author>Tille, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tille, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Triathlon kombiniert als eine der anspruchsvollsten Ausdauersportarten die Disziplinen Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen zu einer sowohl physiologisch als auch biomechanisch herausfordernden Gesamtleistung des gesamten Organismus. Um auf höchstem Niveau brillieren zu können, bedarf es daher hoher Trainingsvolumina mit für jede Disziplin unterschiedlichen und spezifischen Belastungsmustern. Auch in Bezug auf die Schultergelenke kommt es im Triathlon zu einer außerordentlichen Belastung. Während im Schwimmsport repetitive Überkopfbewegungen mit einem hohen Bewegungsumfang dominieren, steht im Radsport statische Halte- und Stützarbeit im Vordergrund. Hinzu kommt in dieser Disziplin ein nicht unerhebliches Risiko traumatischer Verletzungen durch potenzielle Stürze. Im Laufsport schließlich wirken Schwingungskräfte auf die Schulter, wobei kompensatorische Bewegungsabläufe das Gelenk beeinflussen können. Unter Berücksichtigung der genannten Belastungsmuster ist ein differenziertes Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Pathomechanismen und die Nutzung angepasster, evidenzbasierter Präventionsmaßnahmen essentiell, um langfristig und verletzungsfrei Triathlonsport ausüben zu können. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag werden die Epidemiologie und Ätiologie von Schulterverletzungen im Triathlon, die biomechanischen Grundlagen, spezifische Verletzungsmuster der einzelnen Disziplinen sowie evidenzbasierte Präventionsansätze erläutert.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Lumbale Rückenschmerzen im Triathlon: Prävalenz, Risikofaktoren und präventive Strategien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098438</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098438</guid>
      <author>Zwingenberger, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thorax</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zwingenberger, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Triathlon stellt aufgrund der Kombination aus Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen eine besondere Form des Ausdauersports dar. Hohe Trainingsumfänge, repetitive Bewegungsmuster sowie disziplinspezifische biomechanische Belastungen führen zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz muskuloskelettaler Beschwerden. Neben Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten treten lumbale Rückenschmerzen regelmäßig auf und können zu relevanten Trainingsunterbrechungen und Leistungseinbußen führen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die aktuelle Evidenz zu Prävalenz, disziplinspezifischen Risikofaktoren, biomechanischen Mechanismen sowie präventiven und therapeutischen Ansätzen lumbaler Rückenschmerzen im Triathlon zusammenzufassen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vom Ehrgeiz zum Erfolg: Die Unterstützung durch die Eltern auf dem Karriereweg von U23-Biathleten bis zur Elite</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098439</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098439</guid>
      <author>Abrahamsen, F. E.</author>
      <author>Bjørsvik, H.</author>
      <author>Sæther, S. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Biathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportsoziologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Familie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>soziale Beziehung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Karriereplanung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Karriereverlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abrahamsen, F. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bjørsvik, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sæther, S. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Parents play a crucial role in athletes` careers and athletic development. This study employed a qualitative method using semi-structured in-depth interviews with four talented Norwegian junior biathletes and one parent each. The study is aimed to gain comprehensive insights into the interplay between parental support and the athletes` development. The data analysis generated four central themes. The findings confirm the essential role of parents` practical support, such as transportation, equipment, and financial contributions, in the developmental phase. This support, significant in the early stages, continues throughout the athletes` careers, but the need for it gradually reduces as athletes become independent and other support systems become more crucial. Over time, the shift in `the parents` role necessitates developing other support networks in athletes` athletic development, where the magnitude of parents` later involvement are related to providing emotional support. Parents` continuous support and focus remain crucial despite the growing importance of other support systems. Notably, fathers maintain a significant leadership role, particularly concerning equipment and sponsorship, suggesting their enduring influence even during mastery. This study contributes to the understanding of parental involvement in athletic development by highlighting the evolving nature of parental roles, particularly emphasizing the sustained leadership of fathers in equipment and sponsorship, and underscoring the necessity of emotional support as athletes transition to independence.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vom Spiel zur Wettkampfleistung: Auswirkungen eines spielerischen Zirkeltrainings auf Muskelkraft, Ausdauer und Wettkampfleistung bei indonesischen Bogenschützen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098441</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098441</guid>
      <author>Prastyawan, R. R.</author>
      <author>Prasetyo, Y.</author>
      <author>Arjuna, F.</author>
      <author>Shafi, S. H. A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Bogenschießen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsgenauigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreistraining</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Genauigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Prastyawan, R. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Prasetyo, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Arjuna, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shafi, S. H. A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background and purpose

Archery is a precision sport that requires a high level of muscular strength, muscular endurance, and postural stability to maintain shooting accuracy and consistency during repeated performance. However, conventional archery training programs often emphasize technical repetition while providing limited integration of structured physical conditioning, which may contribute to fatigue-related performance decline. Recently, fun-based and game-oriented training approaches have gained attention as a strategy to enhance physical capacity while maintaining athlete motivation and engagement. This study aimed to examine the effects of a fun-based circuit training program on muscular strength, muscular endurance, and competitive performance among Indonesian archery athletes.

Material and methods

An experimental pre-test-post-test control group design was employed involving 38 competitive archery athletes aged 18-25 years. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 19), which undertook a 12-week fun-based circuit training program, or a control group (n = 19), which continued conventional training. Muscular strength was assessed using handgrip dynamometry and upper-body one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests. Muscular endurance was evaluated through plank hold and push-up tests. Archery performance was measured based on shooting accuracy and shooting consistency. Data were analyzed using paired and independent sample t-tests with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results

The experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in muscular strength (grip strength: +15.6%; upper-body 1RM: +14.1%), muscular endurance (plank hold: +30.3%; push-ups: +28.1%), and archery performance (shooting accuracy: +21.1%; shooting consistency variability: -25.0%; p < 0.01). No significant changes were observed in the control group.

Conclusions

Fun-based circuit training is an effective and practical method for enhancing physical fitness and competitive performance in archery athletes and can be recommended as a complementary approach to traditional training programs]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Autoreguliertes Makro-Mikrozyklus-Training verbessert die physiologische Reserve und die Anpassungsfähigkeit von Eisschnellläufern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098517</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098517</guid>
      <author>Di, P.</author>
      <author>Hongye, L.</author>
      <author>Donglin, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eisschnelllauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsperiodisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingszyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Makrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mikrozyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Adaptation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Di, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hongye, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Donglin, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
The personalization of training is one of the main pillars of performance science, but multidomain reserve modelling based on aerobic, neuromuscular, and autonomic systems remains under-researched. Unlike fixed-load models, the approach uses real-time heart rate variability (HRV) and performance load ratio (PLR) feedback to tune training and recovery, offering a new, evidence-based approach to maintaining the adaptive potential of speed skating. This study tested whether an autoregulated macro-microcycle using readiness signals improves physiological reserve versus volume-matched conventional programming.

Methods
Eighteen intercollegiate athletes underwent 24 weeks of closely supervised training with the same volume but different load-modulation guidelines. The intervention arm maintained daily intensity using HRV-based readiness thresholds and session-RPE feedback, whereas the control group followed preset linear periodization. Outcomes included maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), lactate threshold (LT), Wingate anaerobic peak power, countermovement jump (CMJ), heart rate recovery at 1 min (HRR-1), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), the low-frequency to high-frequency ratio (LF/HF), and a composite Performance Reserve Index (PRI). Linear mixed model analysis, subgroup contrast, correlation matrices, and cluster segmentation analyses were done.

Results
Compared with conventional programming, larger gains were observed for VO2max (+ 3.9 mL/kg/min, p = 0.010, d = 0.92), lactate threshold (+ 0.57 mmol/L, p = 0.003, d = 1.04), Wingate peak power (+ 67 W, p = 0.005, d = 1.00), CMJ height (+ 4.2 cm, p = 0.021, d = 0.83), HRR-1 (+ 8.3 bpm, p = 0.009, d = 0.93), RMSSD (to 47.6 ms, p = 0.007, d = 0.96), and PRI (0.62->0.85, p < 0.001, d = 2.41). The coordinated aerobic, neuromuscular, and autonomic pattern indicates tighter stimulus-recovery coupling under autoregulation.

Conclusion
The autoregulated macro-microcycle training resulted in combined advantages in aerobic capacity, neuromuscular power, and autonomic balance, demonstrating the effectiveness of individualized feedback control as the next-generation paradigm for maximizing long-term adaptation in competitive speed skating. Coaches can apply simple HRV thresholds and sRPE bounds to cap or extend sessions and use PLR bands to schedule deloads and Zone-2 extensions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Prävalenz und Inzidenz von Verletzungen und Erkrankungen bei schwedischen Olympiasportlern: Eine prospektive Kohortenstudie über drei Jahre</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098577</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098577</guid>
      <author>Torvaldsson, K.</author>
      <author>Sonesson, S.</author>
      <author>Lindblom, H.</author>
      <author>Sandberg, J.</author>
      <author>Tamm, L.</author>
      <author>Hägglund, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Spiele</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schweden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Krankheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Statistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Inzidenz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Torvaldsson, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sonesson, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lindblom, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sandberg, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Tamm, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hägglund, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background
Olympic athletes experience a high burden of health problems, and health surveillance is fundamental for understanding and preventing injuries, illnesses, and pain. Most surveillance data on Olympic athletes have focused on the Olympic Games, with limited data on injury, illness, and pain patterns outside the Games period.

Objectives
The primary aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, incidence, burden, and patterns of injury and illness, and pain prevalence, among Swedish Olympic athletes over three consecutive years.

Methods
We conducted prospective weekly health surveillance (April 2022-March 2025) of 225 elite Olympic athletes (51% males; median age 25 years). Health problems were reported using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems and diagnosed by the athletes' medical staff.

Results
A total of 1441 new health problems were reported (517 injuries, 924 illnesses), with a weekly prevalence of 23.6% (injuries 15.0%; illnesses 9.1%) and an incidence of 4.6 health problems/athlete/year (injuries 1.5; illnesses 3.1). Athletes lost on average 22 training/competition days annually (injuries 8 days; illnesses 14 days). Injury prevalence was similar between sexes and competitive seasons, with the knee (16%), lumbosacral region (14%), and shoulder (10%) being most affected. Illness prevalence was higher in females than in males (11.4% vs 6.9%; prevalence rate ratio (PRR) 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-2.0) and in winter compared with summer sports (11.4% vs 7.9%; PRR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.7). Respiratory illness comprised 78% of cases. Weekly pain prevalence was 44%, with 65% of pain reports occurring without a concurrent reported health problem.

Conclusions
One in four Swedish Olympic athletes reported a health problem in an average week, with 4.6 new health problems and 22 time-loss days per athlete per year. Injury and illness patterns varied between subgroups, emphasising the need for targeted prevention strategies to reduce injury and illness burden in Olympic athletes.]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Programm zur stufenweisen Überwachung der motorischen Fähigkeiten junger Eishockeyspieler</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098595</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098595</guid>
      <author>Medvedev, V.</author>
      <author>Davydov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beurteilung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssteuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Monitoring</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>motorische Fähigkeiten</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Medvedev, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Davydov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to develop a programme for stage-by-stage monitoring of the motor skills of young hockey players.

Methods and structure of the study. The rationale for the stage-by-stage monitoring programme was developed with the participation of 135 hockey players aged 9-19 years of varying skill levels and positions.

Results and conclusions. The programme for phased monitoring included special tests performed on ice and tests performed off ice. The article presents a list of tests selected in the course of many years of research, as well as informative indicators for each test. The assessment system includes standards developed for different age groups in accordance with the stages of sports training for hockey players. The proposed stage control programme is recommended for use in the training process at the beginning and end of each academic year (season), and, if necessary, additionally during the year.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Eine Methode der systematischen Beobachtung zur Bewertung der Effektivität von Abwehraktionen im Volleyball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098603</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098603</guid>
      <author>Hilchenko, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Methode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beobachtung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewertung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Abwehr</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verteidigung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Einflussfaktor</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hilchenko, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of the defensive actions of volleyball among students and to develop recommendations for optimizing the training process.

Methods and structure of the study. The sample consisted of 60 second-year Volleyball students (30 males and 30 females) aged 19-21 years. The following methods were used in the course of the study: systematic structured observation, video analysis using Dartfish software, and pedagogical testing.

Results and conclusions. The effectiveness of the actions of volleyball students in defense is determined by the level of development of physical, technical and tactical readiness, gender, as well as individual psychological characteristics. The most common errors were identified: incorrect starting position, premature/late movement, mismatch of ball reception technique and incorrect position selection when blocking.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Trainingsprozess in der rhythmischen Sportgymnastik mit Keulen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098604</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098604</guid>
      <author>Hormez, S. Z.</author>
      <author>Novikova, L.</author>
      <author>Mihalina, G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmische Sportgymnastik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gerät</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingssystem</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Hormez, S. Z.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novikova, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mihalina, G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to develop and introduce into the educational and training process a methodology based on the principles of sensory integration, strict rhythmic organization and variability of exercise conditions, which makes it possible to improve the quality of performing small club throws among gymnasts aged 10-11 years.

Methods and structure of the study. A 12-week pedagogical experiment was conducted at the Prestige Rhythmic Gymnastics Center. The study involved 30 gymnasts of the training stage of training, who, taking into account the initial level of technical readiness, age and athletic experience, were divided into two representative groups: control (CG, n=15) and experimental (EG, n=15). A detailed analysis of the requirements for the execution of throwing elements with maces has been carried out, key factors contributing to the occurrence of errors have been identified.

Results and conclusions. The developed methodology for improving the technique of small club throws among gymnasts aged 10-11 years at the training stage consists of five target blocks aimed at developing kinesthetic control, rhythmic abilities, proprioception, dynamic balance and technical accuracy. The results of a 12-week pedagogical experiment confirmed the high effectiveness of the developed methodology. In the experimental group, a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in allowances for technical errors was recorded.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der sportlichen Motivation und des emotionalen Zustands auf die Leistung von Volleyballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098605</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098605</guid>
      <author>Namazova, V.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Emotion</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Namazova, V.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to determine the impact of athletic motivation and emotional state on volleyball players' performance. 32 athletes aged 18-23, with at least a first-category qualification, participated in the study. The SMS-II questionnaire, POMS and SAN methods, and an analysis of game statistics were used. It was found that high intrinsic motivation and an optimal emotional state are associated with increased performance efficiency and a reduction in errors.

Methods and structure of the study. A study of the influence of sports motivation and emotional state on the performance of volleyball players was conducted as part of a comprehensive psychological and pedagogical analysis. The study used methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the psychological characteristics of athletes, as well as analysis of their competitive activities. The study involved 32 athletes from men's volleyball teams aged 18-23, with a sports qualification of at least I category, undergoing regular training and competitive preparation. All participants were informed about the objectives of the study and gave their consent to participate.

Results and conclusions. Data processing revealed statistically significant correlations between motivational parameters and game performance indicators, which is consistent with the findings of a number of recent studies in the field of sports psychology. The study established a significant influence of sports motivation and emotional state on the game performance of volleyball players. The data obtained confirm that internal motivation is the leading factor ensuring greater involvement in the training process, resistance to competitive stress, and stability of game actions. Athletes with strong internal motivation demonstrated higher accuracy in attacks, more effective defensive actions, and fewer technical errors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Modellindikatoren der allgemeinen und speziellen körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit von 11- bis 13-jährigen Freistilringern in der Republik Sacha (Jakutien) während der Phase der sportlichen Spezialisierung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098606</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098606</guid>
      <author>Efimov, A.</author>
      <author>Ponomarev, V.</author>
      <author>Molukova, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Freier Ringkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Modellierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>allgemein</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>speziell</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spezialisierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beurteilung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Efimov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ponomarev, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Molukova, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to theoretically substantiate and develop model indicators of physical and special physical fitness for freestyle wrestlers aged 11-13 in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and to recommend them for use in sports training.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was conducted at the Amga Children's and Youth Sports School for Freestyle Wrestling in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) between 2022 and 2024. Thirty-one people aged 11-13 who were involved in freestyle wrestling at the stage of sports specialisation took part in the scientific work. Over the course of two years, systematic testing of the physical and special physical fitness indicators of the participants was organised and conducted. More than 300 measurements were taken for physical fitness and 450 measurements for special physical fitness. All this contributed to the collection of sufficient statistical material, on the basis of which, using methods of mathematical statistics (percentile scales), model indicators of physical and special physical fitness of freestyle wrestlers aged 11-13 years in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) were developed.

Results and conclusions. The two-year study contributed to the collection of statistical data on the physical and special physical fitness of freestyle wrestlers aged 11-13 in the Republic of Sakha at the stage of sports specialisation. Physical fitness testing was conducted on five indicators, and special physical fitness testing on seven indicators. A total of 750 measurements were taken. The collected and compiled factual material made it possible to develop model indicators of physical and special physical fitness for freestyle wrestlers aged 11-13 in the Republic of Sakha. The developed model indicators can be recommended for use in the sports training of freestyle wrestlers aged 11-13 in the Republic of Sakha. All this will contribute to the effective and progressive process of sports training for freestyle wrestlers aged 11-13 in the region.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blockstruktur des Trainings im chinesische Volleyball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098607</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098607</guid>
      <author>Shenlun, T.</author>
      <author>Bulykina, L.</author>
      <author>Nikolaeva, I.</author>
      <author>Pleshakov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>China</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsstruktur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsplanung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsentwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochschule</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Blockperiodisierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Shenlun, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bulykina, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nikolaeva, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pleshakov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to develop and justify a comprehensive physical training system for Chinese volleyball players aged 17-19.

Methods and structure of the study. The work included theoretical development of the problem-oriented block, the pedagogical impact block, the procedural and results-assessment blocks of comprehensive physical training within the framework of a formative experiment (2023-2024) with volleyball players from Chinese university teams (n=64).

Results and conclusions. The implementation of the problem-oriented block, the block of pedagogical impact block, the procedural and effective evaluation blocks allows optimizing the content of comprehensive physical training of volleyball players of Chinese university student teams.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verlagerung des Körperschwerpunkts des Sportlers bei der Ausführung eines Rundhauskicks (Mawashi-geri)</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098608</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098608</guid>
      <author>Matveev, D.</author>
      <author>Levitskiy, A.</author>
      <author>Potsipun, A.</author>
      <author>Oshina, O.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Karate</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Element</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungshandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Körperschwerpunkt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kick</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Matveev, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levitskiy, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Potsipun, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oshina, O.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to analyse changes in the coordinates of the athlete's overall centre of gravity during the demonstration of a Mawashi-geri roundhouse kick, performed both technically correctly and incorrectly.

Methods and structure of the study. The experiment was conducted at the Petrodvorets District Olympic Reserve Sports School. During the study, video recordings were made of the athlete performing a Mawashi-geri kick with his right and left legs - a) technically correct and b) without turning the foot of the supporting leg. Each kick was performed three times.

Results and conclusions.  To describe the movement, the coordinate value ranges (quasi-attractors) of the overall centre of gravity and the centres of gravity of the athlete's body segments are used.  In the case of a Mawashi-geri kick performed without turning the supporting leg, the values of the quasi-attractors of the striking leg are smaller compared to a kick performed with the supporting leg turned. The value of the quasi-attractor of the coordinates of the centre of gravity of the striking leg can be used as a criterion for identifying technical errors. The results of the study can be used to correct striking techniques in combat sports.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss eines Zirkeltrainings mit submaximaler Intensität auf den morphofunktionellen Zustand und die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit qualifizierter Athleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098609</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098609</guid>
      <author>Baryaev, A.</author>
      <author>Talibov, A.</author>
      <author>Badrak, K.</author>
      <author>Kamensky, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsintensität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kampfsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>funktioneller Zustand</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Baryaev, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Talibov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Badrak, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kamensky, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of training loads of submaximal power, organized by the circular method, on the functional state of athletes of martial arts, game and complex sports in the preparatory period.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was conducted on the basis of the P.F. Lesgaft National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health, with the involvement of female athletes from the national teams of the St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technology and Design. The methods of analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation, pedagogical testing, mathematical and statistical data processing are used.

Results and conclusions. According to the data obtained, an increase in strength endurance and aerobic-anaerobic productivity has been established. Morphofunctional shifts in body composition were revealed - a decrease in resting heart rate and blood pressure, BMI, and the fat component of the subjects were noted. It is shown that parameters such as the proportion of muscle, water mass and psycho-emotional stability increased at the end of the study. The results obtained allow us to conclude that it is advisable to introduce exercises in a circular form of organization, contributing to an increase in the level of general physical fitness.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Entwicklung der Medaillenbilanz der russischen Nationalmannschaft im griechisch-römischen Ringen bei Weltmeisterschaften</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098610</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098610</guid>
      <author>Fedorov, G.</author>
      <author>Levitskiy, A.</author>
      <author>Denisenko, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Klassischer Ringkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsstatistik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Russland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nationalmannschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Fedorov, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Levitskiy, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denisenko, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to analyse the dynamics of the Russian national team's success at world championships in Greco-Roman wrestling.

Methods and structure of the study. An analysis of the Russian national team's medal count in Greco-Roman wrestling at world championships between 1996 and 2024 was conducted. The study covers seven four-year training cycles.

Results and conclusions. Based on an analysis of statistical data, the results of our wrestlers' performances are examined in terms of their dominance on the international stage in the 1990s and their sharp decline in recent years. Particular attention is paid to factors contributing to the decline in performance: the lack of a systematic approach to training the next generation of athletes, restrictions on participation at the international level, and increased competition from new leaders. The specifics of the organisation of competitive activities related to changes in the number of weight categories and training methods are taken into account. The decline in the medal count at world championships is not accidental, but reflects existing problems in the current system of training the national team. Recommendations are made for modernising training and restoring the leading positions of Russian Greco-Roman wrestlers in the international arena.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der Rhythmuswahrnehmung bei jugendlichen Fußballspielern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098611</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098611</guid>
      <author>Sablin, A.</author>
      <author>Kornishin, I.</author>
      <author>Chernyshev, S.</author>
      <author>Strelnikova, I.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wahrnehmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsrhythmus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Rhythmusfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>technische Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsfertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Sablin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kornishin, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Chernyshev, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strelnikova, I.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to improve the rhythmic abilities of 15-16-year-old adolescents through football techniques and exercises.

Methods and structure of the study. 46 athletes from a sports school in Moscow took part in the pedagogical experiment. Children from the control group followed the standard programme, while children from the experimental group performed special exercises to develop their sense of rhythm for 15 minutes during each training session. Rhythm ability was assessed using the `Pull the ball with the foot` test, as well as the `Snake` test, which assesses the overall technical preparedness of footballers.

Results and conclusions. Before the start of the study, there were no significant differences (p>0.05). After the educational experiment, the results in the control group in the `Pull the ball with the foot` test improved from 6.1±0.2 to 5.7±0.1 (p>0.01), and in the `Snake` test from 9.8±0.6 to 9.1±0.5 (p>0.01). These results indicate the low effectiveness of the standard programme for developing technical skills and a sense of rhythm in 15-16-year-old footballers. The experimental group's results in the `Pull the ball with the foot` test improved from 6.2±0.3 to 5.1±0.1 (p<0.01), and in the `Snake` test, the results improved from 9.7±0.5 to 8.2±0.4 (p<0.01), which indicates the effectiveness of introducing special exercises to improve rhythm in the training process for footballers.

The systematic use of means and methods for developing agility, in particular rhythm ability, in football training sessions with athletes aged 15-16 has a visible positive effect on the technical preparedness of football players and significantly improves their sense of rhythm.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Vergleich der Haltungssteuerung bei Sportlern unter unterschiedlichen Belastungen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098612</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098612</guid>
      <author>Nazarenko, A.</author>
      <author>Mavliev, F.</author>
      <author>Yusupov, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportartenvergleich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Steuerung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kontrolle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gleichgewicht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Nazarenko, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mavliev, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Yusupov, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to analyse and compare the muscle control of athletes under various functional loads.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was conducted at the Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport at Volga Region State University of Physical Culture. It involved 227 male athletes with at least nine years of experience and sports qualifications ranging from second adult category to master of sports of the Russian Federation. Postural control was assessed using a stabilisation platform with biological feedback in a state of relative rest, as well as after vestibular, speed-strength and cyclic stepwise increasing physical exertion.

Results of the study and discussion. Athletes engaged in situational sports have the most effective postural control system, which is manifested in better stabilography indicators under various functional loads. This is due to the need to compensate for diverse and unpredictable external factors, unlike cyclic sports, where variations are more predictable. Targeted sports, in turn, require high precision of postural adjustments, but not in complex conditions. The study confirms that versatility and skill transfer are formed in sports that require solving non-standard motor tasks in an unstable environment.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Ideomotorische Vorstellungen im Training qualifizierter Säbelfechter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098613</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098613</guid>
      <author>Ryzhkova, L.</author>
      <author>Zheng, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fechten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Säbelfechten</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ideomotorisches Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegungsvorstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Ryzhkova, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zheng, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to identify and explain the need to apply the method of complicating ideomotor representations in training highly skilled sabre fencers.

Methods and structure of the study. An analysis of 42 scientific and methodological sources for 2000-2024 from the LIBRARY.ru, Scopus and PubMed databases was conducted, including works by Russian fencing specialists and studies by foreign authors. Content analysis, comparative analysis and theoretical modelling methods were used.

Results and conclusions. It has been established that ideomotor training statistically significantly improves the technical and tactical reliability, anticipation, and mental self-regulation of sabre fencers. A model of ideomotor training has been developed that integrates the Russian concept of special methods for technical and tactical improvement (preliminary modelling of given situations, serial combat, complication of ideomotor representations when choosing actions with anticipation of distance characteristics of weapon interactions) and the principles of functional equivalence of the PETTLEP model.

The complication of ideomotor representations ensures the development of cognitive flexibility, operational thinking and creative tactical behaviour of sabre fencers through four interrelated methods: a) preliminary modelling of the probable sequence of actions in a single bout; b) modelling a probabilistic sequence of actions through an `if-then` system; c) independent choice and verbal commitment of the athlete to take action; d) anticipating the distance and momentary characteristics of weapon interactions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der Effektivität von Aufschlägen bei Elite-Volleyballspielern durch die Differenzierung des Muskeleinsatzes</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098614</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098614</guid>
      <author>Lutkova, N.</author>
      <author>Makarov, Y.</author>
      <author>Panchenko, I.</author>
      <author>Vasiliev, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Volleyball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Russland</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Angriff</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Aufschlag</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Lutkova, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Makarov, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Panchenko, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasiliev, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to improve the effectiveness of the serve among elite volleyball players by developing their ability to precisely modulate muscle effort through the use of specialised exercise programmes.

Methods and structure of the study. Serve performance indicators were assessed based on competition data: for the main team `Dynamo-LO` - in the Russian Men`s Volleyball Championship, and for the reserve team `Dynamo-LO-2` - in the Russian Youth League. Parameters characterising technique, situational conditions and the direction of serves among skilled volleyball players were analysed. 10 matches involving leading teams were analysed using the professional software Data Volley 4Pro. The athletes` baseline fitness level was determined through pedagogical testing. The ability to differentiate muscle effort was assessed using a DK-140 hand dynamometer, which allowed for the measurement of the accuracy of reproducing specified force levels (25%, 50%, 75% of maximum effort). The experimental part included specialised exercise blocks aimed at developing upper body strength and force discrimination sensitivity. 24 qualified volleyball players took part in the study.

Results and conclusions. It was established that the qualified volleyball players of the `Dynamo-LO 2` team perform a placement serve more frequently than a power serve during competitive play. The performance indicators of the skilled volleyball players from the `Dynamo-LO-2` team show statistically significant differences from those of the players from the `Dynamo-LO` team across all six analysed characteristics. It was found that it is advisable to identify four narrowly focused sets of exercises for developing the ability to differentiate muscle effort (using TRX loops, resistance bands, medicine balls and volleyballs). Among the skilled volleyball players of the `Dynamo-LO-2` team, a positive trend was observed in the number of placement and power serves, the effectiveness of their execution, and a reduction in the number of errors during their execution.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Spitzenturnern während des Olympiazyklus unter veränderten Wettkampfregeln</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098615</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098615</guid>
      <author>Smirnova, N.</author>
      <author>Somkin, A.</author>
      <author>Muhamedzyanov, R.</author>
      <author>Novikova, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Gerätturnen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympiazyklus</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2025</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>2028</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Olympische Sommerspiele 2028</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Weltmeisterschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampfbestimmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Smirnova, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Somkin, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Muhamedzyanov, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Novikova, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to determine the impact of the new Competition Rules for men`s artistic gymnastics for the 2025-2028 Olympic cycle on results at continental championships and the World Championships.

Methods and structure of the study. The first stage involved analysing changes to the Competition Rules for men`s artistic gymnastics for 2025-2028 compared with the previous Olympic cycle. The second stage involved an analytical comparison of the results of leading gymnasts following the XXXIII Olympic Games in Paris and the 2025 World Championships. The third stage involved determining the competitiveness of Russian gymnasts following their admission to International Gymnastics Federation tournaments under neutral status.  

Results and conclusions. It has been established that the gymnasts from the top teams at the 2024 Paris Olympics remain leaders in the post-Olympic year. They secured leading positions at continental championships and won a total of six gold medals out of seven at the 2025 World Championships. The modernisation of the competition rules for the 2025-2028 Olympic cycle has led to increased competition between elite gymnasts and less high-level athletes; however, the D score for programme difficulty continues to make a significant contribution to victory. Russian gymnasts managed to win one medal at the World Championships - a bronze for D. Marinov on the parallel bars - whilst demonstrating the team`s high potential in the fight for victory and podium places at the next World Championships and the 2028 Olympics in Los Angeles.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Verbesserung der aeroben und anaeroben Leistungsfähigkeit von Kickboxern durch polarisiertes Training</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098617</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098617</guid>
      <author>Gerasimov, M.</author>
      <author>Mironov, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kampfsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>aerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastungsgestaltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kickboxen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>polarisiertes Training</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Gerasimov, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mironov, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of polarised training for kickboxers during the preparatory period, based on the integrated development of the athletes` aerobic and anaerobic capacities.

Methods and structure of the study. During the preparatory period, prolonged low-intensity exercise was combined with the execution of techniques at high speed. Following five training sessions aimed at developing general endurance, speed-strength training was conducted to maximise the speed and power of punches and kicks. The following parameters were measured: maximum and anaerobic power; power decline index; and maximum oxygen consumption (MOC).

Results and conclusions. Polarised training improves kickboxers` anaerobic capacity to a greater extent, whilst aerobic energy supply mechanisms improve to a lesser extent. When planning further training, greater attention should be paid to developing kickboxers` aerobic capacity.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Besonderheiten des Krafttrainings von Elite-Ringerinnen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 12:37:49 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098618</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098618</guid>
      <author>Kuvanov, V.</author>
      <author>Dmitriev, I.</author>
      <author>Zakharov, A.</author>
      <author>Ilyushchenko, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ringen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Vorbereitungsperiode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederholungsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kuvanov, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dmitriev, I.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zakharov, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ilyushchenko, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Objective of the study is to evaluate and analyse the effectiveness of using high-repetition and statodynamic modes of muscular activity among highly skilled female wrestlers during their physical preparation for sporting competitions.

Methods and structure of the study. The experiment was conducted at the Comprehensive School of Higher Sports Excellence in St Petersburg, involving 22 highly skilled female wrestlers. Baseline measurements were taken before the start of the experiment, and again after 3 and 6 months. The main mechanism for utilising the statodynamic mode in the developed programme was the inclusion of additional sets performed with minimal weight and a reduced range of motion, without relaxation of the working muscle, and with a high number of repetitions.

Results and conclusions. The results of the pedagogical experiment showed that a high-repetition training regime, used as a supplement to strength training as part of periodic adjustments to training loads, is an optimal and effective approach for reducing body fat and increasing muscle mass in female wrestlers during their training. A statistically significant improvement in results was observed after six months of the pedagogical experiment in most of the tests studied in the experimental group using a statodynamic training regime.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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