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    <item>
      <title>Rahmenkonzept und Konsenserklärung zur Umsetzung des Trainings mit Spielsituationen im Fußball</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098329</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098329</guid>
      <author>Beato, M.</author>
      <author>Praça, G: M.</author>
      <author>Dello Iacono, A.</author>
      <author>Afonso, J.</author>
      <author>Gualtieri, A.</author>
      <author>Hulton, A.</author>
      <author>Datson, N.</author>
      <author>Krustrup, P.</author>
      <author>González Fernández, F: T.</author>
      <author>Petiot, G. H.</author>
      <author>Machado, J. C.</author>
      <author>Zmijewski, P.</author>
      <author>Aquino, R.</author>
      <author>King, M.</author>
      <author>Nunes, N. A.</author>
      <author>Olthof, S.</author>
      <author>Mohr, M.</author>
      <author>da Costa, I. T.</author>
      <author>Clemente, F. M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Kleinfeld</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Beato, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Praça, G: M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dello Iacono, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Afonso, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gualtieri, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hulton, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Datson, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krustrup, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González Fernández, F: T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Petiot, G. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Machado, J. C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zmijewski, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Aquino, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>King, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nunes, N. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Olthof, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohr, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>da Costa, I. T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Clemente, F. M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Sided games are very popular in football (soccer) training, designed to integrate technical, tactical, and physical development through the manipulation of constraints such as player numbers, pitch size, and rules, among other variables. However, inconsistent terminology, methodological heterogeneity, and limited empirical guidance have hindered its methodological advancement across research and practice.

Objective: This consensus aimed to establish a unified framework and evidence-based recommendations for the design, monitoring, and application of sided games in football, providing conceptual clarity and practical guidance for coaches and sport scientists.

Methods: A multidisciplinary group of 20 international experts in football science and coaching developed the framework through a 3-stage process: (1) theoretical model development, (2) synthesis of priority areas based on an umbrella review of 12 systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and (3) iterative drafting and blinded consensus voting on statements using a 9-point Likert scale.

Results: Seven statements achieved consensus (scores 7-9), defining sided games in soccer, delineating important influencing factors (coach philosophy, environmental, task, and individual constraints), defining monitoring principles, and highlighting benefits and limitations. The consensus confirmed sided games as effective for developing aerobic fitness and tactical-technical behaviors but less effective for strength, power, and high-speed performance adaptations.

Conclusions: This consensus provides the first framework for sided game training in football, unifying terminology, and guiding evidence-based design. Its implementation can enhance training coherence, optimize player development, and inform future research addressing existing methodological and population-specific gaps.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Auswirkungen des Menstruationszyklus auf die Fettverbrennung während einer einstündigen Radfahr-Einheit bei Fatmax</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098331</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098331</guid>
      <author>García-Ortiz, C.</author>
      <author>Fernández-Sánchez, J.</author>
      <author>García-Albín, D.</author>
      <author>Ranieri, L. E.</author>
      <author>Trujillo-Colmena, D.</author>
      <author>Solano-Lizcano, V.</author>
      <author>Rodríguez-Castaño, A.</author>
      <author>Collado-Mateo, D.</author>
      <author>Casado, A.</author>
      <author>Del Coso, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fett</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Stoffwechsel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>García-Ortiz, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Fernández-Sánchez, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Albín, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ranieri, L. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trujillo-Colmena, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Solano-Lizcano, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodríguez-Castaño, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Collado-Mateo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Casado, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Del Coso, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study aimed to investigate fat utilization during 1 hour of cycling at maximal fat oxidation and, secondarily, to assess menstrual symptoms across different phases of the menstrual cycle.

Methods: Fifteen physically active, naturally menstruating women (age = 25 [4] y, VO2max=38.15[7.02]mL·min-1·kg-1) completed a randomized crossover study involving 1 hour cycling at maximal fat oxidation intensity during 3 menstrual cycle phases: early follicular, peri-ovulatory, and midluteal. Phases were identified individually using mobile app tracking, urinary luteinizing hormone tests, and daily basal temperature and body mass recordings. During exercise, ventilatory variables were measured breath by breath with a gas analyzer to estimate fat and carbohydrate oxidation, and heart rate and the rating of perceived exertion (6-20 a.u., Borg scale) were recorded. Data was analyzed using linear mixed effects modeling.

Results: There was no main effect of menstrual cycle phase on total fat oxidized (P = .388), total carbohydrate oxidized (P = .265), or total energy expended (P = .839) during exercise. However, a higher mean heart rate was detected in the peri-ovulatory phase compared with the early follicular phase (P = .004), and participants reported higher rating of perceived exertion in the midluteal phase compared with early follicular (P = .003) and peri-ovulatory phases (P = .024). Menstrual symptom scores were higher in early follicular phase compared with peri-ovulatory and midluteal phases (P < .001).

Conclusions: Fat oxidation during exercise at maximal fat oxidation intensity was not affected by the phase of the menstrual cycle in healthy, young, physically active, naturally menstruating women. However, variations in heart rate and perceived exertion suggest that physiological and perceptual responses to exercise may differ across phases.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kognitive Resilienz - Quantifizierung des Rückgangs der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit nach hochintensiven motorisch-kognitiven Reaktions- und Beweglichkeitsübungen bei Spitzensportlern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098332</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098332</guid>
      <author>Jordao, B.</author>
      <author>Hülsdünker, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Beweglichkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Relation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Resilienz</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jordao, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hülsdünker, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study investigated cognitive resilience in response to a repetitive motor-cognitive reactive agility exercise in high-level athletes.

Methods: Thirty-seven (26 males, 11 females) high-level team ball sports athletes (mean age: 25 y) were tested on cognitive executive performance during rest (baseline) as well as immediately following 6 repeated all-out reactive agility runs of varying distances (2 × 50 m, 2 × 100 m, 2 × 150 m) with 90-second break in between. Reaction time, error rate, and inverse efficiency score were calculated using the SKILLCOURT technology to determine cognitive performance. Heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, and lactate concentrations were used as markers of physical load and subjective exertion induced by the reactive agility exercise.

Results: Cognitive performance significantly declined from baseline to postexercise trials (P < .001, n2p=.152), as indicated by a higher inverse efficiency score. Post hoc analyses revealed significant effects after the 50-m (P = .005), 100-m (P = .002), and 150-m (P = .012) bouts. No significant differences were observed between running distances, although physical fatigue (heart rate and rate of perceived exertion) was higher for longer running distances (150 m > 100 m > 50 m; all P < .001).

Conclusions: The results suggest that high-intensity motor-cognitive exercise impairs executive functioning. The missing effect of running distance indicates that exercise intensity (all-out) and type (motor-cognitive) have a stronger influence on performance than duration and exertion. Assessing cognitive resilience provides important information on cognitive performance stability under motor-cognitive load.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faktoren, die mit Leistungsabfällen bei Spitzensportlern während des Trainings unter heißen und feuchten Umgebungsbedingungen in Zusammenhang stehen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098333</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098333</guid>
      <author>Peggen, M. A. G.</author>
      <author>Bongers, C. C. W. G.</author>
      <author>de Korte, J. Q.</author>
      <author>Alkemade, P.</author>
      <author>Daanen, H. A. M.</author>
      <author>Hopman, M. T. E.</author>
      <author>Eijsvogels, T. M. H.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Temperatur</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Umwelt</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hyperthermie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Hitzestress</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Peggen, M. A. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bongers, C. C. W. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>de Korte, J. Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alkemade, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Daanen, H. A. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hopman, M. T. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Eijsvogels, T. M. H.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Exercise performance is compromised in hot and humid conditions compared to temperate circumstances. However, it remains unclear which factors predispose individuals to either small or large performance decrements. This study aimed to identify factors associated with performance decrements in elite athletes during exercise under hot and humid ambient conditions.

Methods: One hundred and six Dutch elite athletes performed a standardized incremental exercise test in a temperate condition (TEMP, ambient temperature 15.9 °C [1.2 °C], and relative humidity 55% [6%]) and hot—humid condition (HOT, ambient temperature 31.6 °C  [1.0 °C], and relative humidity 74% [5%]). Performance loss was determined by the relative difference in time to exhaustion between both conditions. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to determine the association between performance loss and athlete characteristics, exercise responses, thermoregulatory responses, and perceptual parameters.

Results: Time to exhaustion decreased from 60 (14) minutes in TEMP to 44 (10) minutes in HOT, corresponding to an average performance decrement of 26% (11%). Higher dehydration rates and more thermal discomfort in TEMP were associated with greater performance decrements. On the other hand, a higher BMI, female sex, greater exercise-induced increases in core temperature (TC) in HOT, and a higher peak heart rate (HR) and exercise-induced increases in HR in HOT versus TEMP were associated with less performance decrements (adjusted R2 = .58; P < .001).

Conclusion: We identified that variables related to exercise responses (ie, HR, dehydration), athlete characteristics (ie, BMI, sex), thermoregulatory responses (ie, TC), and perception (ie, thermal discomfort) were associated with performance decrements during exercise in the heat. Our multivariable regression model explained 58% of the magnitude of performance decrements.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zuverlässigkeit von 10- und 30-Sekunden-Schwimmtests an der Leine bei hochtrainierten Schwimmern: Einfluss von Schwimmdisziplin, Geschlecht, Leistungsniveau und Prüfer</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098334</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098334</guid>
      <author>Couvertier, M.</author>
      <author>Bretonneau, Q.</author>
      <author>Monnet, T.</author>
      <author>Samson, M.</author>
      <author>Morales-Artacho, A.</author>
      <author>Pla, R.</author>
      <author>Bosquet, L.</author>
      <author>Decatoire, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Couvertier, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bretonneau, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Monnet, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Samson, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales-Artacho, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pla, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bosquet, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Decatoire, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The tethered swimming test is relevant for the longitudinal monitoring of swimmers. However, for accurate interpretation of observed variations over time, understanding the reliability of the test and the factors influencing it is crucial. This study aimed to assess the absolute and relative reliability of parameters derived from 10- and 30-second front-crawl-tethered swimming tests by considering swimming specialty, sex, and performance level. Output variables resulting from manual stroke cycle segmentation were examined to evaluate interevaluator reliability.

Methods: Twenty-one highly trained swimmers performed the 2 specific time-based tests over 3 consecutive days. Relative and absolute reliability were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and standard error of measurement, respectively.

Results: Mean force, peak force, and impulse demonstrated high reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > .86 and .73 for 10- and 30-s tests, respectively). Fatigue index, performance decrement, and rate of performance decline exhibited varying reliability from poor to high. These results were unaffected by swimming specialty, sex, performance level, or evaluator.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that 10- and 30-second front-crawl tethered swimming tests are highly reliable. Mean force, peak force, and impulse emerge as the most reliable parameters, regardless of the swimming specialty, sex, performance level, or evaluator.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimierung der Fahrhaltung beim Radfahren: Muskelbelastung der oberen Extremitäten und aerodynamische Leistung </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098335</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098335</guid>
      <author>Li, X.</author>
      <author>Zhou, P.</author>
      <author>Zhang, X.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Haltung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Optimierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Arm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aerodynamik</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Li, X.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhang, X.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Prior cycling research has primarily investigated lower limb muscle activation, biomechanical power output, and aerodynamic drag, often overlooking upper limb functions, posture-specific fatigue, and applicability to amateurs. This study examines the relationship between aerodynamic drag and upper limb muscle activity to identify optimal cycling postures balancing aerodynamic efficiency and physiological demands.

Methods: Nine male recreational cyclists participated in 3 sessions: 1 wind tunnel session measuring drag area and 2 sessions assessing surface electromyography (EMG) of 6 upper body muscles—flexor carpi radialis (FCR), biceps brachii (BB), medial triceps brachii (TB), anterior deltoids (AD), upper trapezius (UT) and lumbar erector spinae (ES)—in drops and hoods hand positions across ten forearm angles.

Results: Results showed a linear relationship between aerodynamic drag and composite EMG with forearm angle (R2 > 0.9). Lower forearm angles reduced drag but increased muscle activity. Muscle TB dominated muscle activation in both hand positions. More crouched postures increased EMG amplitude in BB and TB in drops (P < .05), and BB, TB, AD, and UT in hoods (P < .05), with reduced median frequency in FCR in drops (P < .05).

Conclusions: Reduced drag in aerodynamic postures corresponds linearly to increased upper limb muscle activation, with greater recruitment of FCR, BB, and AD in drops, and of UT and ES in hoods. Pareto optimality analysis indicates drops are more effective for crouched postures, while hoods optimize upright postures. These findings guide cyclists and coaches in selecting postures that balance aerodynamic efficiency and physiological demands for specific conditions.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ermittlung von Trainingsbelastungsvariablen für den Jugend-Spitzenfußball anhand eines konzeptionellen Rahmens</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098336</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098336</guid>
      <author>Connolly, D.</author>
      <author>Stolp, S.</author>
      <author>Rampinini, E.</author>
      <author>Coutts, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Variabilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Connolly, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Stolp, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rampinini, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Coutts, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The aim of this study was to guide the selection of load variables assessed within an elite-level academy player monitoring program through the application of a conceptual framework based upon previous literature and expert opinion.

Methods: The variables identified by the framework were then subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA) to help verify the consistency of metrics retained across different age groups, the amount of variance described, and differences between absolute and relative load measures. Training and match data recorded by 145 elite youth soccer players from Under 15 to Under 19 squads were assessed across 2 full competitive seasons.

Results: The conceptual framework identified 16 metrics for the absolute PCA and 14 for the relative PCA. The results identified 3 to 4 components that contained distinct themes that were consistent across the different age groups assessed and aligned closely with the constructs of load identified through the conceptual framework. The variance of load described by different components (13.8%-29.3%) was similar across each age group.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that a myriad of factors is required to describe the variance in load experienced by elite youth soccer players and supports the inclusion of both external and internal loads. The general themes identified by the conceptual framework and retained by the PCA can aid practitioners to identify variables that should be incorporated in youth soccer players load monitoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Das exzentrische Drehmoment bei der Kniestreckung variiert je nach Phase des Menstruationszyklus bei Spitzensportlerinnen </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098337</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098337</guid>
      <author>Johnson, K. A.</author>
      <author>Wolf, B. R.</author>
      <author>Shields, R. K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Menstruation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlechtshormon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Dynamometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Drehmoment</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Johnson, K. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wolf, B. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Shields, R. K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: Eccentric knee extension torque is essential to athlete performance and knee joint stability. Female athlete performance and knee injury rates differ across menstrual cycle phases. It is unknown whether female athletes` eccentric knee extension torque differs across menstrual cycle phases. The purposes of this study were to determine whether eccentric knee extension torque differed across menstrual cycle phases in high-level female athletes and to examine the associations between sex hormones and knee torque.

Methods: Twenty-one female collegiate athletes participated. Athletes` isometric knee flexion torque, isometric knee extension torque, and eccentric knee extension torque were assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer in the early follicular phase, late follicular phase, and mid-luteal phase. Menstrual cycle phases were determined by counting menstrual cycle days, urinary ovulation test results, and serum hormone analysis. Linear mixed-effects models were used to determine whether knee torque differed across menstrual cycle phases. Pearson correlation coefficients and Spearman rank order tests were used to establish the associations between sex hormones and knee torque.

Results: Eccentric knee extension torque differed across the menstrual cycle (P = .025, N·m/kg, P = .042, N·m) and was greater in the mid-luteal phase versus the late follicular phase by 0.32 N·m/kg and 20.5 N·m. Isometric knee torque did not differ across cycle phases (Ps > .475). When controlling for body fat mass, testosterone was inversely associated with isometric knee extension torque (r = -.509, P < .001) and eccentric knee extension torque (r = -.315, P = .026).

Conclusions: Sex hormones may exert a small effect on eccentric knee extension torque in high-level female athletes.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss der Wavelight-Technologie auf Leistung, Tempogestaltung und taktisches Verhalten bei 1500-Meter-Läufen der Diamond League</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098338</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098338</guid>
      <author>Comino, P.</author>
      <author>Walt, M.</author>
      <author>Casado, A.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mittelstreckenlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Technologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Pacing</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Comino, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Walt, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Casado, A.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To determine the impact of Wavelight Technology on performance and tactical and pacing behavior in 1500-m Diamond League events.

Methods: A total of forty-five 1500-m Diamond League races held between 2021 and 2024 were categorized as non-Wavelight (n = 12) and Wavelight (n = 33) races. Athletes in each race were grouped by their final ranking: top 4 (T4), fifth to eighth (T8), and ninth to twelfth (T12). The 100-m section data were collected to assess athletes` section speeds, intermediate positions, and number of position changes. Additionally, finishing times and coefficient of variation of pace (CV%) were obtained for each athlete.

Results: Finishing times were faster in Wavelight than non-Wavelight races across groups (P < .001; 0.87 = d = 1.74) with lower CV% values in Wavelight races (P < .001; 0.60 = d = 0.86). A U-shaped pacing profile was observed in T4 and T8 groups, although it was less pronounced in Wavelight races (ie, lower speed drop in the middle part, and a reduced endspurt), while T12 groups displayed a positive pacing profile, with a greater speed decrease in non-Wavelight races. There were fewer position changes in Wavelight than non-Wavelight races.

Conclusions: Wavelight races were more evenly paced than non-Wavelight races, which likely resulted in lower metabolic disturbances and the superior performance observed in Wavelight versus non-Wavelight races. Optimizing pacing strategies through Wavelight technology may assist coaches and athletes in improving race execution, enhancing performance, and achieving personal bests or qualification standards for international championships.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Vorzüge und Grenzen von Methoden zur Quantifizierung körperlicher Aktivität anerkennen, um das Dosis-Wirkungs-Verhältnis besser zu steuern</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098339</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098339</guid>
      <author>Desgorces, F.-D.</author>
      <author>Gouelle, A.</author>
      <author>Noirez, P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Quantifizierung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Desgorces, F.-D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Gouelle, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Noirez, P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Background: Achieving a consensus on methods for exercise quantification appears to be a challenging endeavor in sport science. Quantification of exercise enables the description of training in unit doses by coaches and scientists, facilitating subsequent analysis of responses to training.

Purpose: The present manuscript seeks to provide an overview of the merits and limitations of exercise quantification methods based on the product of exercise intensity × duration and those based on maximum tolerable volume.

Results: Intensity × duration methods use parameters to express intensity that are only effective for endurance exercises and could be affected by the possible intermittent format of exercises. In addition, the intensity-duration relationship is not efficiently addressed by these methods, resulting in the overvaluation of prolonged exercises compared with shorter ones. Such limitations do not appear in methods based on maximum volume, which is regarded as an indicator of the maximal dose for a given exercise and can, thus, be used as a reference to quantify the dose of similar exercises.

Conclusion: Because intensity × duration methods inadequately consider the relationship between the variables that constitute the exercise, their use should be restricted to programs that exhibit minimal variation in exercise intensity and type. Conversely, exercise quantification based on maximal duration takes into account the influence of all exercise variables. This way of quantification can be efficient across a wide range of exercise intensities and types; however, it requires knowledge of exercise maxima, which can be challenging to ascertain in a training context.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Entschlüsselung neuromuskulärer Ermüdung beim Trailrunning: Eine systematische Übersicht über verschiedene Distanzen und geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098340</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098340</guid>
      <author>Muñoz de la Cruz, V.</author>
      <author>González-Mohíno, F.</author>
      <author>García-Pinillos, F.</author>
      <author>Jaén-Carrillo, D.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelände</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>neuromuskulär</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Muñoz de la Cruz, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Mohíno, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>García-Pinillos, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jaén-Carrillo, D.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study systematically reviewed the fatigue mechanisms that constrain trail running performance and examined the influence of sex and event distance on these responses. PRISMA guidelines were followed. PubMed, Web of Science, and Dimensions AI databases were searched up to August 10, 2025 for studies involving adult-trained or experienced trail runners that compared prerace and postrace fatigue markers after a standard trail race or laboratory race simulation. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 674 subjects; 506 men and 168 women). Most studies (n = 21) examined only or predominantly male runners, and only four studies specifically assessed sex differences. Participants were trained adults (mean age = 39.4 [8.5] y), with sample sizes ranging from 6 to 72 individuals. Regarding race distance, 4 studies investigated short races (=60 km), 4 medium races (60-100 km), 8 long races (=100 km), and 8 compared multiple distances within the same study. Fatigue assessment primarily relied on knee extensor and plantar flexor torque testing to evaluate central and peripheral fatigue, complemented by alternative methods such as tensiomyography, soft tissue vibration, strength, and jump tests. Ten of the studies analyzed blood biomarkers related to muscle damage, inflammation, and renal function.

Conclusions: Neuromuscular fatigue in trail running arises from both central and peripheral mechanisms, depending on race duration and testing methods. While central fatigue predominates in shorter races, peripheral fatigue and muscle damage become more evident in longer events (=100 km). Moreover, sex differences are minimal, although methodological heterogeneity limits the strength and comparability of the findings.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Einfluss der Eigenschaften der Zwischensohle von Laufschuhen auf den Energieaufwand beim Laufen: Einblicke in die Steifigkeit und die Rückfederungseigenschaften der Zwischensohle</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098341</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098341</guid>
      <author>Rodrigo-Carranza, V.</author>
      <author>Alda-Blanco, A.</author>
      <author>Kuzmeski, J.</author>
      <author>González-Mohíno, F.</author>
      <author>Anguita, R. A.</author>
      <author>Hoogkamer, W.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leichtathletik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schuh</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laufökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Sohlen</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Steifigkeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Literaturanalyse</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rodrigo-Carranza, V.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alda-Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Kuzmeski, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Mohíno, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Anguita, R. A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoogkamer, W.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: The mechanisms behind improvements in running economy (RE) from shoes with supercritical foams (SCF) compared with a traditional midsole material (ethylene vinyl acetate [EVA]) remain only partially understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of midsole compliance and midsole resilience of different foams on RE, and spatiotemporal and perception outcomes.

Methods: To separate the effects of midsole compliance and midsole resilience, we compared 3 shoe conditions: EVA40, EVA35, and SCF35, where the number reflects the Asker C hardness, in 17 female runners in a randomized crossover experimental design.

Results: RE was similar between EVA40 (14.05 [1.25] W/kg) and EVA35 (14.02 [1.29] W/kg). RE in SCF35 (13.74 [1.22] W/kg) was better than in EVA40 (2.21%) and EVA35 (1.99%). Contact time was longer and step frequency was higher in SCF35, but these differences were small in magnitude. No significant difference was detected in comfort (P = .127) and perceived performance enhancement (P = .608).

Conclusion: Using EVA35 resulted in a more compliant shoe, with similar resilience compared to EVA40; however, this did not result in significant differences in RE, spatiotemporal, or perceived variables. SCF35 had a higher resilience than EVA35, as intended, but this was accompanied by increased compliance. It appears that the higher resilience in SCF35 condition was the main factor to improve RE compared with EVA conditions (1.99%-2.21%), as compliance differences between the EVA shoes did not affect RE (0.21%). Future studies should compare midsole materials with the same compression stiffness but different resiliency to further evaluate the importance of each characteristic in RE.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Zusammenhänge zwischen laborbasierten Leistungsindikatoren und Wettkampferfolgen im Schnee im Spitzensport des Skilanglaufs: Eine 15-jährige Analyse der Schweizer Nationalmannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098342</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098342</guid>
      <author>Bucher, E.</author>
      <author>Wehrlin, J. P.</author>
      <author>Trösch, S.</author>
      <author>Millet, G. P.</author>
      <author>Steiner, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Skilanglauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schweiz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erfolg</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Alter</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Nationalmannschaft</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Bucher, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wehrlin, J. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Trösch, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Millet, G. P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Steiner, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study examined the associations between laboratory-based performance indicators and competitive success in elite cross-country skiing, considering sex- and age-related differences over a 15-year period.

Methods: A total of 106 Swiss National Team cross-country skiers (62 males and 44 females) underwent standardized physiological testing including 24-minute double-poling treadmill time-trial performance (24-minute DP), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), performance at the second lactate threshold, hemoglobin mass, 1-minute skating treadmill time-trial performance (Sprint1-min), squat jump peak power, and fat-free mass. Competitive performance was assessed using International Ski Federation (FIS) points in distance (FISDist) and sprint (FISSpr) events. Mixed-effects models analyzed the predictive strength of test variables, incorporating sex and age interactions.

Results: Twenty-four-minute DP and relative VO2max explained 42% of the variance in FISDist, while Sprint1-min (66%), squat jump, and absolute VO2max (both 50%) were the strongest predictors of FISSpr. Improvements in 24-minute DP, second lactate threshold, and Sprint1-min had a greater impact on reducing FIS points in females, whereas relative and absolute VO2max, hemoglobin mass, squat jump, and fat-free mass showed similar predictive relationships across sexes. Age moderated these associations, with younger athletes experiencing greater reductions in FIS points per unit increase in test performance.

Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of a comprehensive performance assessment in elite cross-country skiing that integrates ski-specific time trials, physiological capacity, strength, and body composition. The findings indicate that the relevance of laboratory-based performance indicators varies by sex and career stage, underscoring the need for longitudinal, age-aware interpretation when relating test outcomes to on-snow performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entscheidende Faktoren für Spitzenleistungen im Schwimmsport: Unterschiede zwischen Juniorinnen und erwachsenen Schwimmerinnen im Freistil</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098343</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098343</guid>
      <author>Widmer, C.</author>
      <author>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</author>
      <author>Hernandez, J.</author>
      <author>Romann, M.</author>
      <author>Taube, W.</author>
      <author>Born, D.-P.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Schwimmen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Junioren</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Widmer, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ruiz-Navarro, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hernandez, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Romann, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Taube, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Born, D.-P.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To investigate contributions of start, turn, and clean-swimming performance on total race time in top-elite junior and adult female swimmers.

Methods: A total of 681 long-course races from European junior and adult championships (50-1500 m including heats, semifinals, and finals) were video-analyzed.

Results: Start, turn, and clean-swimming performances showed a nonlinear development across race distances in both junior and adult swimmers. Start times progressively increased from 50 to 400 m and plateaued at 800 m. Turn times increased and clean-swimming speed decreased from 50 to 200 m and plateaued at 400 m. Clean-swimming speed showed the largest contribution to total race time. Start performance contributed most to sprint races, and the contribution of turn performance resembled an inverted U-shape, with highest contributions to 200- and 400-m races. Adult swimmers showed significantly faster start times over 50- (6.03%) to 200-m races (5.86%). Age-group differences in turn times were significant for 100 (4.92%) and 200 m (6.49%) but gradually declined over longer race distances. Clean-swimming speeds differed most over 50- (3.17%) and 100-m races (1.71%), with consistent but small differences for longer race distances (1.23%-1.34%). Percentile-based reference values were incorporated into a software-based tool that predicts and modulates total race time according to changes in start, turn, and clean-swimming performance.

Conclusions: The present findings help coaches identify individual swimmers` strengths and weaknesses and translate performance analysis data into targeted training and race strategies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Sollten sich Fußballspielerinnen in der Halbzeitpause erneut aufwärmen? Eine explorative randomisierte kontrollierte Studie in einer professionellen Frauenmannschaft</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098344</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098344</guid>
      <author>Abreu, M.</author>
      <author>Nakamura, F. Y.</author>
      <author>Carvalho, T.</author>
      <author>Silva, D.</author>
      <author>Afonso, J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Aufwärmung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Halbzeit</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Abreu, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nakamura, F. Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Carvalho, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Silva, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Afonso, J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This exploratory study investigated the effects of a 3-minute re-warm-up protocol implemented during halftime on sprint and jump performance in female soccer players.

Methods: Twenty-two professional female soccer players from 2 Portuguese clubs from First and Second Divisions were randomly assigned to either a control group (G1: passive rest) or an experimental group (G2: re-warm-up). The Integrated Re-warm-up soccer protocol, performed by G2, consisted of 6 FIFA 11+ power exercises and a small-sided game. Performance was measured using a 20-m sprint and countermovement jump at baseline (post-warm-up) and after the half-time intervention. A 2-way analysis of variance (group × time) was conducted for analysis, with effect sizes reported as partial eta squared (n2p).

Results: A time × group interaction was found for sprint performance (F = 6.66, P = .019, n2p=.27), favoring the experimental group (G1: -0.25 s vs G2: -0.40 s). For countermovement jump performance, no time × group interaction was observed (F = 2.66, P = .483, n2p=.02), although a main effect of time effect was detected (F = 10.34, P = .005, n2p=.36); both groups showed a decrease in jump height, but to a lesser extent in the re-warm-up group (G1: -2.85 cm vs G2: -1.82 cm).

Conclusions: A brief 3-minute re-warm-up protocol implemented at halftime improved sprint performance compared to passive rest. These findings suggest that time-efficient re-warm-up protocols, combining FIFA 11+ power exercises and small-sided games may be useful during the half-time interval in female soccer players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Der Einfluss von Ausdauertraining auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Laufleistung und Sauerstoffverbrauch</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098345</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098345</guid>
      <author>Alda-Blanco, A.</author>
      <author>Rodríguez-Barbero, S.</author>
      <author>Salinero, J. J.</author>
      <author>González-Mohíno, F.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Lauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Alda-Blanco, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rodríguez-Barbero, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Salinero, J. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>González-Mohíno, F.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between running power and VO2 across several submaximal incremental running speeds. Furthermore, it also determined whether the relationship between running power and VO2 changes after an endurance training period of 20 weeks, and, finally, the intrasubject differences of the relationship between VO2 and running power after the endurance training period.

Methods: Experiment I comprised 81 graded exercise tests from nationally trained runners (30 females and 51 males; 26.6 [7.0] y), and 18 (5 females and 13 males; 25.6 [5.2] y) were evaluated pretraining and posttraining (experiment II). Linear and multiple regression analyses were used to model the relationship between VO2 and running power.

Results: In experiment I, a strong correlation was observed between running power and VO2 (R2 = .88, P < .001). However, a multiple regression including heart rate, performance level, and sex revealed similar VO2 estimation (R2 = .89, P < .001). After 20 weeks of endurance training (experiment II), VO2 increased significantly (P < .001), while running power remained unchanged (P = .332). Additionally, individual regression analyses revealed significant changes in the slope and the intercept of the VO2-running power relationship.

Conclusion: Running power strongly correlates with VO2 but lacks sensitivity to detect metabolic adaptations after an endurance training period, as the metabolic demand changes for a given running power. These findings highlight the need for individualized and constant adaptation of the relationship between running power and VO2. Therefore, coaches should use running power as a complementary metric and periodically recalibrate individual power-VO2 relationships rather than relying on a fixed predictive equation for longitudinal monitoring.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098348</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098348</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Längsschnittentwicklung kardiorespiratorischer Fitnessparameter bei jugendlichen Sportlern: Eine mehrjährige Analyse der maximalen aeroben Leistung und der maximalen Trainingsleistung</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098349</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098349</guid>
      <author>Köble, K.</author>
      <author>Willinger, L.</author>
      <author>Engl, T.</author>
      <author>Mühlbauer, F.</author>
      <author>Huber, S.</author>
      <author>Dettenhofer, M.</author>
      <author>Oberhoffer, R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>maximal</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreislauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Köble, K.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Willinger, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Engl, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mühlbauer, F.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huber, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dettenhofer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Oberhoffer, R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: While the development of cardiorespiratory fitness in normally active children and adolescents is well-documented, longitudinal data on physiological adaptations to training in youth athletes remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the long-term development of cardiorespiratory fitness in young competitive athletes over a period of 2-6 years.

Methods: A total of 397 young athletes (48 girls), aged 8-20 years, from a variety of sports underwent up to 6 repeated assessments between 2012 and 2024. Peak exercise performance (Wmax) and peak aerobic power (VO2peak), both were measured via cardiopulmonary exercise testing on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. A linear mixed model analysis was used to evaluate longitudinal changes in VO2peak and Wmax (both normalized to body mass), including body surface area and training intensity (MET-hours/week) as fixed effects, with sex-stratified analyses.

Results: A total of 1009 cardiopulmonary exercise testing were analyzed. At baseline, boys showed higher age-specific VO2peak and Wmax, while girls had higher age-specific VO2peak despite similar training intensity. Longitudinally, VO2peak increased significantly with age in mid-adolescent girls and boys, particularly in endurance athletes, and was positively associated with training intensity. Wmax rose with age but was less influenced by training or sport type, showing a stronger relationship with growth-related factors like body surface area.

Conclusions: VO2peak development in youth athletes is influenced by age, body size, training intensity, and sport type, making it a sensitive marker of aerobic adaptation. In contrast, Wmax reflects primarily maturational growth and is less responsive to training-specific factors.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Auswirkungen einer kombinierten gegenüber einer isolierten Supplementierung mit Beta-Alanin und Natriumbicarbonat auf die körperliche Leistungsfähigkeit bei hochtrainierten Basketballspielerinnen: Eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098350</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098350</guid>
      <author>Adamczewski, J.</author>
      <author>Szymocha, M.</author>
      <author>Glówka, N.</author>
      <author>Adrian, J.</author>
      <author>Durkalec-Michalski, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Hochleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ernährung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Supplementierung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>ergogenes Mittel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wirkung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Adamczewski, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Szymocha, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Glówka, N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Adrian, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Durkalec-Michalski, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: To examine the effects of combined versus isolated beta-alanine (BA) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on physical capacity in highly trained female basketball players.

Methods: Sixty-eight athletes aged 21.4 (4.2) years participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL)-controlled parallel trial. Participants were assigned to one of four treatments: BA+SB, BA+PLSB, PLBA+SB, or PLBA+PLSB. They received BA or PLBA (6.4 g·d-1) for 28 days. In the final 7 days, SB or PLSB (0.3 g·kg-1·d-1) was added to the ongoing supplementation. Exercise tests included countermovement jump (CMJ), Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), and incremental cycling test. The tests were performed in the following order: CMJ1, WAnT1, incremental cycling test, WAnT2, and CMJ2. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, body mass, and composition were also assessed. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results: BA+SB and PLBA+SB supplementation increased peak power during WAnT1 compared to presupplementation (both P < .001; large effect). Additionally, mean heart rate was lower in BA+SB during incremental cycling test at postsupplementation compared to PLBA+SB (P = .04; large effect). BA+PLSB did not influence any physical capacity outcomes. Moreover, no changes in ratings of perceived exertion, body mass, and composition were observed.

Conclusions: BA+SB and PLBA+SB supplementation enhanced peak power in WAnT1 without compromising subsequent physical capacity indices. BA+SB potentially reduced cardiovascular strain during submaximal exercise. In contrast, BA+PLSB did not confer any ergogenic benefits. These findings suggest that SB-containing protocols may improve high-intensity capabilities in highly trained female basketball players.]]></content:encoded>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098351</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098351</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098352</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098352</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098353</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098353</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098354</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098354</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098355</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098355</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098356</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098356</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098357</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098357</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098358</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098358</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098359</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098359</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098360</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098360</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098361</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098361</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098362</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098362</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Kein Titel verfügbar</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098363</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098363</guid>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Abschlussbericht der Kommission "Zukunft des Sports in Kanada": Den Sport in Kanada neu gestalten: Zeit zum Handeln</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098442</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098442</guid>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Kanada</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportpolitik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Breitensport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>System</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Perspektive</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>elektronische Publikation</dc:format>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Table of contents

    Preface: Message from the Commissioner and Special Advisors
    Executive Summary
    Chapter 1: Introduction
    Chapter 2: Why sport is important to Canadians and Canada
    Chapter 3: Breaking the silence on maltreatment: why the promise of sport has escaped so many
    Chapter 4: Constitutional framework of our country
    Chapter 5: Roles and responsibilities in the Canadian sport system: a fragmented framework
    Chapter 6: Indigenous-led sport and the Canadian sport system: structures, interactions and reconciliation
    Chapter 7: Barriers to sport and physical activity in Canada
    Chapter 8: Improving safe sport in Canada: the Commission's proposed approach
    Chapter 9: Safe sport standards in Canada: structure, limitations and gaps
    Chapter 10: Safe sport complaint mechanisms: responding to maltreatment and supporting those affected
    Chapter 11: Prevention strategies to build and sustain safe sport environments
    Chapter 12: The need for new leadership of Canadian sport
    Chapter 13: Alignment across sport system structures
    Chapter 14: Sport governance: from inconsistent to transparent and harmonized
    Chapter 15: Building the future: investing in sport and physical activity
    Chapter 16: Now what? A look toward the future
    Chapter 17: Commission`s mandate and process
    Appendices]]></content:encoded>
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    <item>
      <title>Natürliche verbale und nonverbale Ermutigung bei der Beurteilung sportlicher Leistungen: Eine Mixed-Methods-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098303</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098303</guid>
      <author>van Meurs, E.</author>
      <author>Nieto, M.</author>
      <author>Strauss, B.</author>
      <author>Harenberg, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportpsychologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Motivation</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eishockey</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verhalten</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Unterstützung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>van Meurs, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nieto, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Strauss, B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harenberg, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Social influence through verbal encouragement (VE) or non-verbal encouragement (NVE) aims to support athletes by mobilising resources. Its effectiveness has already been studied in sports by comparing performances with or without VE to investigate the performance-enhancing effect. However, these studies use standardised formulations, given at regular intervals by experimenters who are unknown to the participants, reducing the external validity. This may result in an underestimation of the actual effect. To date, no empirical evidence exists to characterise VE and NVE. The present study analyses the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of VE and NVE. We hypothesised that both would become more frequent the more demanding the task becomes. We video-recorded 39 Canadian hockey student-athletes (49% female, Mage = 20.97, SDage = 1.91). VE and NVE of the encouraging athletes on the sideline per second were coded, transcribed, and the content explored using deductive-inductive thematic analysis. We found that VE and NVE increased over time and that male and female athletes encouraged differently. Statements could be classified as informational, appraisal or tangible support. The results of the analysis can be used as a framework for naturalistic encouragement in future operationalisations. Moreover, we highlight the interpersonal differences in encouragement behaviour, specifically between men and women.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Hat die Spielphase Einfluss auf die Leistung bei Hochgeschwindigkeitsläufen und Sprints sowie auf die Erholungskinetik bei männlichen Profifußballern?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098304</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098304</guid>
      <author>Randers, M. B.</author>
      <author>Leifsson, E. N.</author>
      <author>Krustrup, P.</author>
      <author>Mohr, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wiederherstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Wettkampf</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Randers, M. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Leifsson, E. N.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krustrup, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mohr, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study examined whether match phase influences peak high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SpD) during 5-, 2- and 1-min peak periods and the subsequent post-peak periods. Match data from 480 Danish Superliga players were analysed in 9054-9671 full-time match observations across three seasons (2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18) using Prozone tracking system and rolling averages methods. Peak periods of HSRD and SpD were much more frequent (P < 0.05) in the beginning of each half (21-28%), compared to the final 15-min periods of each half (5-11%). HSRD and SpD per min increased as peak period duration shortened (HSRD: ~23, ~39 and ~64 m/min for 5-, 2- and 1-min peaks, respectively; SpD: ~16, ~31 and ~54 m/min; P < 0.05), with no meaningful differences between 15-min intervals (P > 0.05). Recovery was faster (P < 0.05) following shorter peak durations and in the initial phase of the match, however differences in recovery kinetics were trivial to small beyond the first 15 min. Overall, players maintained similar HSRD and SpD in peak periods across all match phases. The post-peak declines were not systematically affected by the timing of the peak periods, but the decline was less affected in the initial phase, where the highest number of peak periods occurred.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Expertenkonsens zum Erwerb sportlicher Fähigkeiten: Eine Delphi-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098305</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098305</guid>
      <author>Runswick, O. R.</author>
      <author>Uiga, L.</author>
      <author>Ford, P. R.</author>
      <author>Smeeton, N. J.</author>
      <author>Miller-Dicks, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportwissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingswissenschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Fertigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorische Lernfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ausbildung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Bewegung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Coaching</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Runswick, O. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Uiga, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ford, P. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Smeeton, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Miller-Dicks, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Skill acquisition is a rapidly evolving field in sport, but its definitions, roles and professional practices remain inconsistently articulated. Despite growing recognition of its importance, there is a lack of consensus regarding the core competencies and responsibilities of skill acquisition specialists. The aim of this study was to consult with experts to establish a consensus definition of the field of skill acquisition, clarify the roles of its specialists, and understand the needs and requirements of effective applied practice. A panel of 22 international experts in skill acquisition took part in a Delphi study using online surveys. The panel reached consensus that skill acquisition specialists represent a unique role within multidisciplinary support teams and defined the field as an applied science addressing the performance, learning, and refinement of perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills across the spectrum from novice to expert performers. Key responsibilities of a skill acquisition specialist included practice design, individualised skill development, and education at the organisational level. Furthermore, the panel reached consensus on the essential knowledge and professional skills required to fulfil this role effectively. Findings present an important step towards establishing a framework for professional development, accreditation, and high-quality, evidence-based skill acquisition practice.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede hinsichtlich Können, Leistung und Verletzungen beim Surfen: Eine Scoping-Review</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098306</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098306</guid>
      <author>Melville, J.</author>
      <author>Forsyth, J. R.</author>
      <author>Paikin, R.</author>
      <author>Constantniou, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Surfen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>männlich</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Melville, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Forsyth, J. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Paikin, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Constantniou, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Surfing is increasing in popularity with rising professionalism in the sport. While sex-specific differences in skill, physical performance, and injury profiles are recognised across various sports, their presence in surfing remains unclear. This review collates the available evidence on sex-specific skill, physical performance, and injury profiles in surfers, to explore any evidence gaps and to recommend focus areas for future research. Five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete, SPORTDiscus, and MEDLINE Complete) were searched from inception to November 2025. Studies that investigated surfing skill, physical performance or injury profiles in both male and female participants were included. Of 4729 studies identified, 50 met the inclusion criteria. These included 10 studies on surfing skills, 17 on physical performance, and 32 on injury profiles. Studies included outcome measures with sex-specific comparisons for skill (70%), physical performance (64%) and injury (19%). Overall, sex comparisons were made consistently in five (14%) outcome measures across all study concepts. Limited research on sex-specific injury profiles restricts the development of injury prevention strategies for female surfers. As the literature evolves in surfing, researchers should maximise the value of their data by reporting on sex-specific differences, appropriately normalising values (where necessary) and utilising consistent testing approaches.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neudefinition der Rollen im Rollstuhlbasketball: Ein datengestützter Ansatz zur Charakterisierung der Spielpositionen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098307</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098307</guid>
      <author>Wilde, P.</author>
      <author>Santos-Fernandez, E.</author>
      <author>Peeling, P.</author>
      <author>Mitchell, L.</author>
      <author>Denman, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Rollstuhlsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Basketball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielhandlung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielposition</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Datenbank</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Analyse</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mannschaft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Taktik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Rollstuhlbasketball</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Wilde, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Santos-Fernandez, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Peeling, P.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Mitchell, L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Denman, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[A key facet of wheelchair basketball is the sport classification system, where players are assigned scores from 1.0 to 4.5 (where lower scores indicate greater activity limitation for wheelchair basketball related tasks), and on-court lineups cannot exceed a total of 14 sport classification points. In wheelchair basketball, the specific on-court roles of players are poorly understood outside of labelling players into sport classification categories or likening them to traditional running basketball positions. This study presents a data-driven approach to characterising playing positions in elite, male wheelchair basketball using Gaussian Mixture Model analysis. Box score metrics describing players on-court actions from 12 men`s international tournaments between 2019-2024 were analysed, totalling 5265 match statistics from 342 players across 304 matches. The model identified six novel and diverse player roles. These ranged from primary playmaker and dynamic impact roles that higher classification players (3.5-4.5) tended towards, to off-ball, defensive orientated roles which lower classification players (1.0-1.5) were frequently observed in. This research provides a novel framework for understanding player roles that accounts for the sport`s unique characteristics. This has significant implications for refining player selection in response to lineup needs, informing player recruitment for balanced team building and improving targeted player development pathways.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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    <item>
      <title>Entwicklungsverläufe talentierter Tennisspieler im Jugendalter: Ein prospektiver Längsschnittansatz</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098308</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098308</guid>
      <author>Rikken, K. T. H.</author>
      <author>Huijgen, B. C. H.</author>
      <author>Hoekstra, A. E.</author>
      <author>Brouwer, M.</author>
      <author>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Tennis</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Nachwuchsleistungssport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Talent</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eignung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Förderung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prognose</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Talentidentifikation</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Talententwicklung</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rikken, K. T. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Huijgen, B. C. H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Hoekstra, A. E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brouwer, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Den Hartigh, R. J. R.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The development of talent may take different forms for youth athletes, but there are only few longitudinal studies tracking this process. This study prospectively examines: 1) the development of talented Dutch tennis players aged 11.5 to 16 and 2) the predictability of performance at age 16, based on players` performance in preceding years. Biannually, we collected performance rating data of 1010 players (645 males, 365 females) who were ranked top 300 in the national youth ranking at least once. Applying Growth Mixture Modelling, we found that a 4-class model best fits the male sample, while a 5-class model fits the female sample most optimally. The best male class displayed non-linear development, improving slowly until age 13.5, after which development accelerated. The best female class showed consistent linear improvement. The correlation between performance at age 16 and preceding ages increased during adolescence. The correlation starts off moderate at slightly above 0.6 at age 11.5 and increases steadily to almost 1.0 at age 15.5. The correlation was consistently higher for the female sample. Our findings shed new light on male-female differences in talent development trajectories, and suggest that early talent identification could be more feasible for female players compared to male players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Kein Zusammenhang zwischen anatomischen Faktoren und dem Risiko einer kontaktlosen ACL-Verletzung bei 217 Mannschaftssportlerinnen: eine prospektive 4,5-jährige Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098309</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098309</guid>
      <author>Leppänen, M.</author>
      <author>Jarske, H.</author>
      <author>Krosshaug, T.</author>
      <author>Myklebust, G.</author>
      <author>Vasankari, T.</author>
      <author>Parkkari, J.</author>
      <author>Pasanen, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielsportart</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kreuzband</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Knie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gelenk</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Anthropometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Leppänen, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Jarske, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Krosshaug, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Myklebust, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Vasankari, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Parkkari, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pasanen, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The purpose of this explorative study was to investigate the association between anatomic factors and risk for non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries among female team sport players. A total of 225 players from basketball, floorball, and volleyball aged 12-38 years (median 16) participated in baseline physical examination including measurements of static knee and pelvic alignment, leg length, pelvic width, and femoral and tibial condyle widths. Players were then prospectively followed for new ACL injuries for 2.5-4.5 years. Legs were analyzed separately. After excluding eight players with a history of ACL injury, the final sample included 217 players and 434 legs. Associations between variables of interest and ACL injury risk were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution and player and club as random effects. During the follow-up, 20 new non-contact ACL injuries were registered. None of the measures investigated showed a significant relationship with the risk of new non-contact ACL injuries. In conclusion, anatomic factors showed no association with increased risk of ACL injury in female team sport players.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Rolle der Trittintensität beim Drehmomenttraining bei Radfahrern: eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie mit drei Gruppen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098310</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098310</guid>
      <author>de Pablos, R.</author>
      <author>Valenzuela, P. L.</author>
      <author>Martínez-Cava, A.</author>
      <author>Alejo, L. B.</author>
      <author>Revuelta, C.</author>
      <author>Sánchez-Redondo, I. R.</author>
      <author>Barranco-Gil, D.</author>
      <author>Pallares, J. G.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Radsport</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Kraft</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Muskel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Widerstand</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>O2-Aufnahme</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>anaerob</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Effektivität</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Hypertrophie</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Muskelmasse</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Wingate-Test</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>de Pablos, R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Valenzuela, P. L.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Martínez-Cava, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Alejo, L. B.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Revuelta, C.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Sánchez-Redondo, I. R.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Barranco-Gil, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Pallares, J. G.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[The so-called "torque training" has gained popularity among cyclists, but mixed evidence exists on its effectiveness. We analyzed the effects induced by torque training at two different pedaling intensities. During 10 weeks, 46 well-trained male cyclists (maximum oxygen uptake = 62.7 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomly allocated into a control group that kept their habitual cycling training (n = 15), or to two groups that added two weekly torque sessions performed with either a high relative load (HIGH-Load [n = 16], all-out pedaling cycles against 70% of the maximum dynamic force); or low relative load (LOW-Load [n = 15], 4-min intervals against 35% of the maximum dynamic force). Outcomes included performance indicators (i.e., maximum aerobic power [MAP], ventilatory thresholds, efficiency, time to exhaustion at the respiratory compensation point), body composition and quadriceps' morphological parameters. In within-group analyses, only HIGH-Load improved Wingate peak and mean power (p < 0.001), endurance indicators (MAP and ventilatory thresholds, p < 0.05) and quadriceps' cross-sectional area (p = 0.030). Larger improvements were observed for HIGH-Load compared to controls for Wingate peak and mean power and for quadriceps' CSA (all p < 0.01). In turn, no significant within-group differences were observed in LOW-Load, and between-group differences compared to controls were only found for Wingate mean power (p = 0.008). No significant differences were found between LOW and HIGH-Load despite moderate effect sizes for some outcomes (Cohen's d > 0.5 for MAP, Wingate performance and TTE). In summary, HIGH-Load torque training seems to improve different performance indicators and muscle morphology among well-trained cyclists, although its superiority compared to other torque training interventions should be confirmed in larger studies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hochtrainierte Läuferinnen weisen eine größere Ausdauer und physiologische Belastbarkeit auf als männliche Läufer mit vergleichbarer Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098311</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098311</guid>
      <author>Jaén-Carrillo, D.</author>
      <author>Bruce, C. D.</author>
      <author>Lawley, J. S.</author>
      <author>Zanini, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Ausdauer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Marathonlauf</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Laufökonomie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ermüdung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Trailrunning</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Berganlauf</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Jaén-Carrillo, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Bruce, C. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Lawley, J. S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zanini, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Endurance performance determinants are typically assessed under fresh conditions, although physiological and mechanical characteristics deteriorate during prolonged exercise, a phenomenon recently termed durability or resilience. However, it is unclear whether durability and mechanisms underpinning it differ between sexes. Eleven females and 11 males matched for performance completed three laboratory visits including: a graded exercise test, a 12-min uphill time trial (TT), and a 180-min treadmill run at standardized moderate intensity, interspersed with repeated TTs every 60 min (total distance: 36 ± 3 and 42 ± 3 km, respectively). Physiological, biomechanical, and neuromuscular variables were assessed throughout the steady-state run and TTs and analyzed with linear mixed models. Time-trial performance declined during the run, with females displaying smaller speed decrements than males after 3 h (-1 vs. -10%, p < 0.01) and smaller reductions in carbohydrate oxidation and respiratory exchange ratio during steady-state (p < 0.05) and TTs (p < 0.01). Males displayed larger reductions in peak blood lactate during TTs (p < 0.001), while peak heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake remained unchanged in both groups. During the prolonged run, females showed greater resilience for maximal isometric knee extensor force, HR, and perceived exertion (p < 0.05), whereas running economy deteriorated similarly between sexes. Biomechanical adjustments occurred in both sexes, with larger alterations observed in males for TTs (stride length; p < 0.05) and in females during steady-state (contact time and stiffness; p < 0.05). In conclusion, highly trained female runners demonstrate greater durability than performance-matched males. Sex differences are characterized by superior metabolic and neuromuscular resilience in females, whereas biomechanical changes appear similar between sexes. Finally, whether these findings persist under distance-matched conditions warrants investigation.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ausdauertraining für das Gehirn beeinflusst die Struktur-Funktions-Kopplung und verbessert die fußballspezifische Leistung: eine multimodale MRT-Studie</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098312</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098312</guid>
      <author>Liu, J.</author>
      <author>Zhou, T.</author>
      <author>Che, J.</author>
      <author>Zhu, Y.</author>
      <author>Liu, Q.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Neurophysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>kognitive Fähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Training</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gehirn</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>MRT</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>motorisches Lernen</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Konzentration</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Agilität</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sprint</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistung</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Liu, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhou, T.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Che, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Zhu, Y.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Liu, Q.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[This study investigated whether a six-week brain endurance training (BET) intervention could enhance soccer-specific performance and induce neural adaptations in structure-function coupling (SC-FC coupling) in sub-elite male soccer players. Seventy athletes competing in the regional first division and engaged in structured training 5-6 times per week were randomly assigned to a BET group (n = 35) or a control group (n = 35). Both groups continued regular field training, while the BET group additionally completed 24 cognitive sessions combining Stroop and dual n-back tasks. Resting-state fMRI and diffusion-weighted imaging were acquired before and after the intervention to assess SC-FC coupling across 246 brain regions using a multivariate prediction framework. Soccer performance tests included passing, shooting, agility, sprint, and aerobic capacity assessments. Compared with controls, BET participants demonstrated significant group × time interactions in passing accuracy, shooting precision, reactive agility, and sprint performance (all p < 0.05, n2p = 0.06-0.07). Specifically, LSPT completion time improved by 3.7%, LSST precision increased by 11.2%, and directional sprint times decreased by 5.1% following BET, with no change in the control group. Maximum running speed during the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test increased by 2.9% (p = 0.043, n2p = 0.07), whereas heart rate and blood lactate remained stable. MRI analyses revealed increased SC-FC coupling within executive and motor-related regions (e.g., DLPFC, IPL, caudate, Crus I) and decreased coupling within default mode and association areas (e.g., angular gyrus, pSTG; all p < 0.05, FDR-corrected). These coupling changes were significantly correlated with behavioral improvements, indicating that BET enhanced the neural efficiency of executive-motor networks. Overall, BET drives targeted neuroplasticity by strengthening the alignment between structural and functional brain systems that support attention, motor control, and fatigue regulation, translating into measurable gains in soccer-specific performance.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hohe Test-Retest-Reliabilität, aber fragwürdige Validität: Bewertung eines "Step-Ramp-Step"-Protokolls zur Schätzung der kritischen Leistung und von W' bei trainierten Triathleten</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098313</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098313</guid>
      <author>Rousseau, Q.</author>
      <author>Rabita, G.</author>
      <author>Brunet, E.</author>
      <author>Dorel, S.</author>
      <author>Siblot, A.</author>
      <author>Morales-Artacho, A. J.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportphysiologie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsdiagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ergometrie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Test</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gütekriterien</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Ventilationsschwelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>kritische Leistung</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Validität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Reliabilität</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Rampentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:tag>Stufentest</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Rousseau, Q.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rabita, G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Brunet, E.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Dorel, S.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Siblot, A.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Morales-Artacho, A. J.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Purpose: 

This study aimed to assess (1) the concurrent validity between critical power (CP) and the corrected power output at the respiratory compensation point (PORCP) and between W' and the quantity of energy depleted above PORCP (W'mod-SRS) in a modified Step-Ramp-Step (mod-SRS) protocol; (2) the test-retest reliability of endurance variables derived from a mod-SRS protocol.

Methods: 

Twelve trained male triathletes (31 ± 6 yr, 67.9 ± 7.1 mL min-1 kg-1) performed (1) an SRS protocol, (2) 4-5 severe-intensity constant work rate trials, (3) two mod-SRS protocols (test/retest), and (4) a heavy-intensity constant work rate trial. CP and W' were computed using a "best individual fit" approach. PORCP was corrected appropriately, while W'mod-SRS was computed as the energy depleted above PORCP. Test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the coefficient of variation (CV%).

Results: 

CP was higher than PORCP in both trials (bias = 19 ± 19 W and 17 ± 20 W, P = 0.019 and 0.045). W' and W'mod-SRS were similar during both trials (bias = -2.8 ± 7.9 and -5.4 ± 8.8 kJ, P = 0.735 and 0.173). Test-retest reliability was moderate for W'mod-SRS (ICC = 0.66, SEM = 3.0 kJ, CV = 11.6%) and high for VO2peak, gas exchange threshold (GET), RCP, and their associated PO values (ICCs = 0.85-0.95, SEMs = 68-184 mL min-1, and 7-8 W, CVs = 2.1%-3.7%).

Conclusions: 

The mod-SRS protocol reliably measures VO2peak, gas exchange threshold, and RCP. Corrected PORCP systematically underestimated CP, which consequently impacts the computation of W' using a mod-SRS protocol. The design of the protocol may allow a more complete depletion of energy available above RCP while still eliciting VO2peak.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Medizinische Versorgung von Transgender-Athleten und gesundheitspolitische Implikationen: ACSM-Stellungnahme zu aktuellen Themen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098315</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098315</guid>
      <author>Marra, J.</author>
      <author>Christensen, D.</author>
      <author>Harper, J. M.</author>
      <author>Iwamoto, S. J.</author>
      <author>Ryan, W.</author>
      <author>Safer, J. D.</author>
      <author>Streed, C. G.</author>
      <author>Nokoff, N. J.</author>
      <author>Moreau, K. L.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Betreuung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Gesundheit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Sportler</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Transgender</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Marra, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Christensen, D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Harper, J. M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Iwamoto, S. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Ryan, W.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Safer, J. D.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Streed, C. G.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Nokoff, N. J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Moreau, K. L.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Although transgender and gender diverse people make up 0.6% of the population in the United States, they are underrepresented in sports. Transgender athletes are increasingly visible and subject to widely discrepant policies regarding their participation in sports. This Contemporary Issues statement reviews topics relevant to the care of transgender athletes, for the providers, trainers, coaches, and others caring for this population. We review: 1) barriers to sport participation, 2) a review of gender-affirming medical and surgical care and the impacts on factors related to sport performance, 3) mental health considerations, and 4) a framework for understanding stressors and resilience. Most of the available data included here are from nonathlete transgender people, with limited data in transgender athletes. More robust data in transgender athletes are needed for future policies.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Troponinwerterhöhung im Leistungssport -  Ursachen, Relevanz und Konsequenzen</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098432</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098432</guid>
      <author>Kastner, T.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Herz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Zelle</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Eiweiß</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biochemie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Biomarker</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Kastner, T.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Kardiale Troponine sind etablierte Biomarker zur Detektion myokardialer Zellschädigung. Mit der Einführung hochsensitiver Testsysteme wurden geringe Troponinkonzentrationen zuverlässig messbar, was diagnostische Vorteile in der Akutmedizin bietet. Jedoch können nach längerer oder sehr intensiver Belastung ebenfalls erhöhte Troponinkonzentrationen auftreten, ohne dass eine akute Myokardischämie oder eine strukturelle Herzerkrankung vorliegt. Die notwendige Differenzierung zwischen einer Troponinerhöhung im Rahmen einer vorübergehenden Belastungsreaktion und einer relevanten Myokardschädigung ist in der sportmedizinischen Praxis ein wesentlicher Aspekt. Eine zusätzliche Komplexitätsstufe ergibt sich aus beobachteten Unterschieden bei der belastungsinduzierten Freisetzung von kardialem Troponin-I und Troponin-T bei Leistungssportlerinnen und Leistungssportlern.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Eisenmangel im Sport - Diagnose, Therapie und Auswirkungen auf die Leistungsfähigkeit</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098435</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098435</guid>
      <author>Keller, K.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Sportmedizin</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mineral</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Mangel</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Diagnostik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Leistungsfähigkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastbarkeit</dc:subject>
      <dc:tag>Eisenmangel</dc:tag>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Keller, K.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Ein Eisenmangel und eine Eisenmangelanämie sind Gesundheitsprobleme weltweit, die in der täglichen klinischen Praxis häufig diagnostiziert werden. Ein Eisenmangel trägt als ein wichtiger Faktor zur weltweiten Krankheitslast bei. Ein Eisenmangel betrifft vor allem Kinder, prämenopausale Frauen und Menschen jeglichen Geschlechts, welche in einkommensschwachen Ländern und in Regionen mit schlechter Ernährungssituation leben. Ein Eisenmangel entwickelt sich in drei aufeinander folgenden Stadien: Im ersten Stadium sind lediglich die Eisenspeicher in den retikuloendothelialen Zellen des Knochenmarks, der Leber und der Milz betroffen und zeigen sich erschöpft; dieses Stadium wird als Eisenspeicherverarmung bezeichnet und geht mit einem Abfall des Serumferritins einher. Das zweite Stadium ist durch ein vermindertes Transporteisen und eine reduzierte Eisenversorgung der Zellen mit verringerter Transferrinsättigung gekennzeichnet. Diese beiden Stadien des Eisenmangels ohne Anämie werden als präanämischer latenter Eisenmangel oder eisenmangelassoziierte Nicht-Anämie bezeichnet. Das letzte Stadium des Eisenmangels ist durch einen Abfall der Hämoglobinsynthese aufgrund einer unzureichenden Eisenversorgung gekennzeichnet, was schließlich in einer Eisenmangelanämie resultiert. Eisen ist ein entscheidender Baustein für viele physiologische biologische Funktionen des menschlichen Körpers, insbesondere für das Atmungs- und Blutzellsystem mit Sauerstofftransport, Energieproduktion, DNA-Synthese sowie Zellproliferation. Ein Eisenmangel umfasst die verminderte Auffüllung der Eisenspeicher, die entweder in eine manifeste Eisenmangelanämie übergeht oder auch ohne Fortschreiten als Eisenmangel ohne Anämie bestehen bleiben kann. Während in Entwicklungsländern ein Eisenmangel meist durch unzureichende Nahrungsaufnahme, Blutverluste infolge von Wurmbesiedelungen im Darm oder eine Kombination aus beiden Umständen verursacht wird, sind in einkommensstarken Ländern vor allem veränderte Ernährungsgewohnheiten (insbesondere vegane oder vegetarische Ernährung bzw. Verzicht auf rotes Fleisch), Krankheiten und pathologische Zustände wie chronische Blutverluste oder Malabsorption im Zuge einer alternden Bevölkerung die Haupttreiber für den Eisenmangel. Obwohl eine Eisenmangelanämie die wichtigste, jedoch nicht die einzige Folge eines Eisenmangels darstellt, treten klinische und funktionelle Einschränkungen im menschlichen Körper bereits vor dem Eisenmangelanämiestadium auf. Ein Eisenmangel wird häufig bei Ausdauersportlern festgestellt; ein wichtiger Mechanismus bei der Entstehung des Eisenmangels sind Hämolyse, Blutverluste und leichte Entzündungen infolge von intensivem Training und wiederholtem Bodenkontakt, wodurch sich Eisenverluste über verschiedene Wege ausbilden können. Andere Faktoren eines Eisenverlustes sind vermehrtes Schwitzen, Hämaturie, gastrointestinale (Mikro-)Blutungen, Hämodilution und Umverteilung des gespeicherten Eisenvorrats, vermehrter Eisenbedarf, verminderte Eisenaufnahme, und Sequestration, in Kombination mit genetischen Determinanten (verschiedener Anämietypen). Studien legen zudem eine Verbindung zwischen dem Vitamin D- und Eisen-Stoffwechsels nahe. Eisen ist ein wichtiger funktioneller Bestandteil des Sauerstofftransports und der Energieproduktion des Menschen und ein kritisches sowie essentielles Mikronährstoffelement für die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit von Athleten. Während die Eisenmangelanämie stark mit einer reduzierten sportlichen Leistungsfähigkeit assoziiert ist; ist der Einfluss
von Eisenmangelzuständen ohne oder mit nur leichter Anämie weniger eindeutig belegt, und die Studienlage zeigt sich hier widersprüchlich.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Schulterverletzungen im Triathlonsport</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098437</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098437</guid>
      <author>Tille, E.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schulter</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Verletzung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schaden</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Biomechanik</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Belastung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Prävention</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Tille, E.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Triathlon kombiniert als eine der anspruchsvollsten Ausdauersportarten die Disziplinen Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen zu einer sowohl physiologisch als auch biomechanisch herausfordernden Gesamtleistung des gesamten Organismus. Um auf höchstem Niveau brillieren zu können, bedarf es daher hoher Trainingsvolumina mit für jede Disziplin unterschiedlichen und spezifischen Belastungsmustern. Auch in Bezug auf die Schultergelenke kommt es im Triathlon zu einer außerordentlichen Belastung. Während im Schwimmsport repetitive Überkopfbewegungen mit einem hohen Bewegungsumfang dominieren, steht im Radsport statische Halte- und Stützarbeit im Vordergrund. Hinzu kommt in dieser Disziplin ein nicht unerhebliches Risiko traumatischer Verletzungen durch potenzielle Stürze. Im Laufsport schließlich wirken Schwingungskräfte auf die Schulter, wobei kompensatorische Bewegungsabläufe das Gelenk beeinflussen können. Unter Berücksichtigung der genannten Belastungsmuster ist ein differenziertes Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Pathomechanismen und die Nutzung angepasster, evidenzbasierter Präventionsmaßnahmen essentiell, um langfristig und verletzungsfrei Triathlonsport ausüben zu können. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag werden die Epidemiologie und Ätiologie von Schulterverletzungen im Triathlon, die biomechanischen Grundlagen, spezifische Verletzungsmuster der einzelnen Disziplinen sowie evidenzbasierte Präventionsansätze erläutert.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lumbale Rückenschmerzen im Triathlon: Prävalenz, Risikofaktoren und präventive Strategien</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098438</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098438</guid>
      <author>Zwingenberger, S.</author>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Triathlon</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Thorax</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Schmerz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Risikofaktor</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Therapie</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Artikel</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Zwingenberger, S.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Der Triathlon stellt aufgrund der Kombination aus Schwimmen, Radfahren und Laufen eine besondere Form des Ausdauersports dar. Hohe Trainingsumfänge, repetitive Bewegungsmuster sowie disziplinspezifische biomechanische Belastungen führen zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz muskuloskelettaler Beschwerden. Neben Verletzungen der unteren Extremitäten treten lumbale Rückenschmerzen regelmäßig auf und können zu relevanten Trainingsunterbrechungen und Leistungseinbußen führen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die aktuelle Evidenz zu Prävalenz, disziplinspezifischen Risikofaktoren, biomechanischen Mechanismen sowie präventiven und therapeutischen Ansätzen lumbaler Rückenschmerzen im Triathlon zusammenzufassen.]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spielnahes Fußballtraining im Mädchen- und Frauenfußball</title>
      <description><![CDATA[https://cover.sponet.de/SPONET5-00005741.JPG]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Jan 2026 15:16:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098365</link>
      <guid>https://www.sponet.de/sponet/Record/4098365</guid>
      <author>Reinders, H.</author>
      <author>Rudingsdorfer, J.</author>
      <author>Wiechers, M.</author>
      <author>Wiederer, M.</author>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:subject>Fußball</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>weiblich</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Jugend</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Erwachsene</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsprogramm</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Übungszusammenstellung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Spielform</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Geschlecht</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Differenz</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Entwicklung</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainer</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingsmethode</dc:subject>
      <dc:subject>Trainingskonzeption</dc:subject>
      <dc:format>Buch</dc:format>
      <dc:creator>Reinders, H.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Rudingsdorfer, J.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wiechers, M.</dc:creator>
      <dc:creator>Wiederer, M.</dc:creator>
      <content:encoded><![CDATA[Spielnahes Fußballtraining im Mädchen- und Frauenfußball ist eine umfassende Sammlung von Übungs- und Spielformen für eine moderne, altersgerechte Trainingsgestaltung - von der U12 bis in den Übergangsbereich des Frauenfußballs. Die Trainingsinhalte wurden in der Frauenfußball-Akademie der Universität Würzburg nach neuesten wissenschaftlichen Kenntnissen entwickelt und sind seit über einem Jahrzehnt praxiserprobt.

Das Buch bietet einen tiefgehenden Einblick in die Besonderheiten des Trainings mit Juniorinnen und Frauen. Körperliche, psychische und soziale Unterschiede werden ebenso thematisiert wie entwicklungspsychologische Grundlagen und die besondere Rolle der Leistungsmotivation. Die Trainingsphilosophie basiert auf dem spielnahen Ansatz der von der Frauenfußball-Akademie entwickelten GOAL-Philosophie und ist so konzipiert, dass sie in variablen Trainingsformen jederzeit an die Bedürfnisse der Trainerinnen angepasst werden können. Die Anwendung aller Übungen gelingt mit geringem Materialaufwand und minimalem Umbau zwischen den Trainingsphasen. Der SCORE-Court als zentrales Gestaltungselement des Trainings wird praxisnah erklärt - inklusive seiner verschiedenen Formen, Umbaumöglichkeiten und der Übertragbarkeit auf das Wettkampfspiel.

Trainer:innen erwartet ein Buch, das fundiertes Wissen mit hoher praktischer Relevanz verbindet. Didaktische Prinzipien, clevere Provokationsregeln, taktische Spielformen und eine klare Struktur helfen, das Training abwechslungsreich, zielgerichtet und entwicklungsorientiert zu gestalten. Ein Buch für alle, die Mädchen und Frauen im Fußball nicht nur trainieren, sondern gezielt fördern wollen. Klappentext]]></content:encoded>
      <slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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